1. Growth of the Colonies

2. Slavery has been practiced since the beginning of history. Slavery was used by the Spanish in the West Indies after Columbus’s discovery of America. Spanish and Portuguese expanded African slavery into Central and South American after enslaved Indians began dying off. In 1619, the first recorded introduction of African slaves into what would become the United States was in the settlement of Jamestown Slaves captured in Africa Slaves aboard ship—Middle Passage

3. Indentured Servants Tobacco and other crops need lots of labor to grow. Indentured servants became the first means to meet this need for labor. Indentured servants are men and women who in return for free passage to Virginia worked for four to seven years in the fields before being granted freedom. Because of this most Indentured Servants were Poor English or other poor Europeans. Early Africans brought were also treated as Indentured servants.

4. African slavery indentured servitude What factors led to the introduction of African slavery replacing indentured servitude as the labor force in the American Colonies?

5. Nathaniel Bacon led fellow indentured servants in a revolt and demanded that Virginia Governor William Berkeley give them western land and defend them from Indian attacks. Followers burned Jamestown but Bacon died soon afterwards his followers were defeated.

6. African Slavery After Bacon’s Rebellion plantation owners thought it was too dangerous to use indentured servants. Southern plantations started to shift to importing African Slaves. Unlike indentured servants, African slaves were “in service” for life and it was difficult for them to get their freedom. Slavery was now race based and was passed on to children of slaves as well Because of Bacon’s Rebellion… We get African slavery

7. Africa Europe The Caribbean Islands The Slave Trade

9. Africa Middle Passage Enslaved Africans Europe The Caribbean Islands ‘ Never can so much misery be found condensed in so small a place as in a slave ship during the middle passage ’ William Wilberforce From the Western African coast, Slaves were bought by European slave traders and taken to the Caribbean or other parts of North and South America were they were sold.

12. This is called the Middle Passage

13. Africa Middle Passage Outward Passage Europe The Caribbean Islands Ships known as ‘slavers’ left British ports such as London, Bristol and Liverpool for West Africa loaded with trade goods. These would include guns, gunpowder and ammunition, brass and ironware, alcohol, cotton cloth, glass beads and trinkets..

14. Africa The Caribbean Islands Middle Passage Outward Passage Enslaved Africans Manufactured Goods Homeward Passage Raw Materials Europe The hard labour of enslaved Africans led to great wealth and riches for European countries, particularly Britain which traded in sugar, tobacco and cotton produced by slaves on plantations..

16. Land ownership in the colonies was the means to wealth. Wealth, in turn, determined social standing. Most colonists were in the middle ranks. The wealthiest people were in the highest ranks. Owning land brought political power by giving men the right to vote. Land, Rights, and Wealth

17. Women and the Economy Most women were farm wives who cooked, churned butter, made soap and candles, spun fibers, wove cloth, sewed and knitted clothes, and other things. They often tended a garden and looked after farm animals. At harvest time, they worked in the fields with the men and older children.

18. Young People at Work Large families were common, because more children meant more workers. Many boys became apprentices, meaning that they learned a trade by working with an experienced craftsman. Girls learned sewing and other household skills from their mothers. Upon turning 13 or 14, girls would sometimes be sent away to other households to learn specialized skills, such as weaving or cheese making.

19. Education Colonial schooling emphasized religion. Most Children learned at home while some attended small schools Between 50 and 85 percent of colonial men were literate, and about half as many white women were. (Literate means they were able to read.) Colonies started newpapers in the 1700’s and in 1732, Ben Franklin began to publish Poor Richard’s Almanack. It contained sayings that are still repeated today, such as, “A penny saved is a penny earned.” Most African Americans could not read, and slaves were forbidden an education.

20. The Great Awakening 1730’s – 1740’s in the colonies The Great Awaking a religious movement that encouraged… Religious debateCharity EqualityEducation, new colleges Independence!!!!! ministers preached that inner religious feelings were more important than outward behavior. best-known preachers Jonathan Edwards – terrified listeners with images of God’s anger but promised they could be saved George Whitefield – drew thousands to his sermons and raised money to start a home for orphans

21. The Great Awakening stirred up ideas of equalitytheright to challenge authority equality and the right to challenge authority. (This movement added to the revolutionary passion of the colonists when they declared independence from England years later!)

22. “Enlightenment” refers to the belief that people were “leaving behind the dark ignorance and blind belief that characterized the past.” Emphasized reason and science as the paths to knowledge. Began in Europe, as scientists learned about natural laws, such as gravity, that controlled the universe. The Enlightenment 1660’s-1770’s

23. John Locke The Enlightenment Enlightenment thinkers applied the idea of natural law to human societies. The English philosopher John Locke argued: -that people have natural rights (like life, liberty, and property) -that governments are created to protect these rights. -Locke argued against the idea that kings had a God-given right to rule. Other Famous thinkers: Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson. People have the right to LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY!

24. Summary The colonial economy, education, publishing, and religion played a part in creating a new American cultural identity for the colonists. Instead of seeing themselves as individual colonies whose only loyalty was to the British crown, this unique group of people began to unite in their ideas and in their way of life! The People became AMERICANS!!!