1. The Emergence of an Elite Sport Formation in Canada, 1943-2004 December 2, 2004

2. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada

3. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851)

5. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896)

7. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959)

9. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67

11. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67 Federal Election (1968)

13. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67 Federal Election (1968) Summit Series (1972)

15. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67 Federal Election (1968) Summit Series (1972) Montreal Olympics (1976)

17. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67 Federal Election (1968) Summit Series (1972) Montreal Olympics (1976) Calgary Olympics (1988)

19. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67 Federal Election (1968) Summit Series (1972) Montreal Olympics (1976) Calgary Olympics (1988) Ben Johnson/ Dubin Inquiry (1988-90)

21. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67 Federal Election (1968) Summit Series (1972) Montreal Olympics (1976) Calgary Olympics (1988) Ben Johnson/ Dubin Inquiry (1988-90) Salt Lake City Hockey (2002)

23. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67 Federal Election (1968) Summit Series (1972) Montreal Olympics (1976) Calgary Olympics (1988) Ben Johnson/ Dubin Inquiry (1988-90) Salt Lake City Hockey (2002) Vancouver (2010)

24. http://www.cbc.ca/story/sports/national/2004/11/29/Sports/coc041129.html

25. To understand sport policy & shifts in priority we must place development in the wider political & social changes that have occurred in Canada World Expositions (1851) Olympic Games (1896) The Duke of Edinburgh (1959) Expo ‘67 Federal Election (1968) Summit Series (1972) Montreal Olympics (1976) Calgary Olympics (1988) Ben Johnson/ Dubin Inquiry (1988-90) Salt Lake City Hockey (2002) Vancouver (2010)

26. Factors Inhibiting Early Government Action in Sport: Protestant values Jurisdiction Issues of autonomy

27. Canadian Sport Policies for Analysis: 1943 - National Physical Fitness Act 1961 - The Fitness & Amateur Sport Act 1969-73 - Towards Sport Canada 1979 - Towards a New Sport Policy 1980 - Policies and Programs in the 1980s 1998 - The Mills Report 2002 - An Act to Promote Physical Activity & Sport

28. -1943- -1943- National Physical Fitness Act Considered a Wartime Act In-line with objectives of the Canadian Welfare State in post-Depression years Defined ‘fitness’ as “the best state of health…necessary for a life of service to one’s family & country…” Primary emphasis was on mass participation

29. -1943-con’t -1943-con’t National Physical Fitness Act Retraction of the NPFA: King government quietly pulled back from its ‘Green Book’ promises for postwar reconstruction Act was officially repealed in 1954

30. -1961- -1961- Bill C-131 The Fitness and Amateur Sport Act Enacted under Prime Minister Diefenbaker in 1961 Officially committed the federal government “to encourage, promote, & develop fitness and amateur sport in Canada” The National Advisory Council was established by the Act to oversee the implementation of the program

31. -1961- -1961- Bill C-131 con’t The Fitness and Amateur Sport Act Key Events and Agents associated with the Act: 1)Administrative structure & personnel 2)Federal/provincial cost-sharing agreements 3)Grants to sport governing bodies 4)The Canada Games 5)Scholarships & research awards

32. -1961- -1961- Bill C-131 con’t The Fitness and Amateur Sport Act Weaknesses of the Act: Its broad scope meant that expectations were often distanced considerably from the reality of implementation By 1968, conflicting government views between mass & elite sport were clear Issues arose concerning cost-sharing programs Questions of national unity & nationalism

33. -1969-1973- -1969-1973- Towards Sport Canada 1969 – Federal Government Task Force on Sport for Canadians Reported on the governments scant involvement in sport (elite sport) Forces that Shaped Government Sport Directions in the 1970s: The National Unity Crisis Sport Transformation Sport and National Unity

34. -1969-1973-con’t -1969-1973-con’t Towards Sport Canada 1970 – A Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians (The White Paper) Emanated from the Report of the Task Force on Sport for Canadians Emphasis was on the improvement of Canadian performance in international competition & the development of elite athletes

35. -1969-1973-con’t -1969-1973-con’t Sport Canada 1971 – Sport Canada and Recreation Canada The Proposed Sports Policy for Canadians, the national unity crises, & Montreal’s successful bid for the 1976 Olympics helped to build momentum for increased federal involvement in sport In 1971, Munro announced that two separate directorates were to be created:

36. -1969-1973-con’t -1969-1973-con’t Sport Canada Sport Canada: Dedicated to elite sport & improve Canadian performances in international competitions Recreation Canada: Provided Canadians with opportunities to participate in physical recreation & to improve fitness levels

37. con’t con’t Sport Canada (1970s) Sport Programs & Direct Government Output: –1976 Montreal Olympics – ‘Game Plan’ –National Sport and Recreation Centre –Hockey Canada –ParticipAction –Coaching Association of Canada –Canada & Arctic Winter Games –First Minister of State for Fitness and Amateur Sport

38. -1979- -1979- Towards a New Sport Policy Canadian improvement in international amateur sport events (Montreal) Federal failures in recreation Growth in the amateur sport bureaucracy in Canada & bias to elite sport Trudeau’s unifying vision supported

39. -1977-1979-con’t -1977-1979-con’t Towards a New Sport Policy The Green Paper (1977) A proposal paper Highly controversial – dealt exclusively with sport Criticisms justified with the separate Green Paper for Recreation The White Paper (1979) Proposal for legislative change Dealt exclusively with sport Campagnolo justified this focus by acknowledging the provinces & municipalities as the appropriate administrators of recreation

40. -1980s- Policies and Programs in the 1980s 1981 – Regan White Paper High-Performance Sport Centres Hosting Policy Athlete Assistance Program “Best Ever ’88” CAAWS

41. -1998- The Mills Report First Government initiative to examine the ‘industry of sport’ Mandate of the Sub-Committee: 1)Measurement of economic impact of sport on a national and regional basis 2)Contribution of sport to the cultural sphere – sport’s impact on national unity 3)Potential scope of, & rationale for, federal involvement in sport Overall, the impact of sport and recreation sector on Gross Domestic Product was $8.9 billion

42. -2002- Bill C-54 An Act to Promote Physical Activity & Sport

44. Replace and modernize the Fitness and Amateur Sport Act Responds to the complexities of the modern world of sport Supports the development of the Canadian sport system The term “fitness” would be replaced with “physical activity” The term “amateur” is removed from the Act

45. -2002- Bill C-54 An Act to Promote Physical Activity & Sport Measures to pursue the objectives: Encourage the promotion of sport Under-represented groups Co-ordinate federal initiatives Encourage provincial & territorial governments Encourage the private sector Encourage an alternative dispute resolution

46. Sport and the National Privileged place of sport in the construction of national identity (press) Inclusion and exclusion of populations National images to support political & social agendas (Confederation) Sport of hockey Vancouver 2010

47. Sport and the National THE END