1. Page 1 Lecture 17 The applications of tomography: LTAO, MCAO, MOAO, GLAO Claire Max AY 289 UC Santa Cruz March 7, 2013

2. Page 2 Outline of lecture What is AO tomography? AO applications of tomography –Laser tomography AO –Multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) –Multi-object AO (MOAO) –Ground-layer AO (GLAO) Much of this lecture is based on presentations by Don Gavel, Lisa Poyneer, and Olivier Guyon. Thanks!

3. 3 Limitations for AO systems with one guide star Isoplanatic Angle Limits the corrected field 00 h r0r0

4. 4 Limitations for AO systems with one guide star Cone effect

5. 5 Limitations for AO systems with one guide star Cone effect 1.Missing turbulence outside and above cone 2.Spherical wave “stretching” of wavefront More severe for larger telescope diameters h r0r0

6. Fundamental problem to solve: Isoplanatic Angle If we assume perfect on-axis correction, and a single turbulent layer at altitude h, the variance (sq. radian) is : σ 2 = 1.03 ( θ / θ 0 ) 5/3 Where α is the angle to the optical axis, θ 0 is the isoplanatic angle: θ 0 = 0.31 (r 0 /h) D = 8 m, r 0 = 0.8 m, h = 5 km  θ 0 = 10” h

7. Fundamental problem to solve: Isoplanatic Angle If we assume perfect on-axis correction, and a single turbulent layer at altitude h, the variance (sq. radian) is : σ 2 = 1.03 (θ/θ 0 ) 5/3 Where α is the angle to the optical axis, θ 0 is the isoplanatic angle: θ 0 = 0.31 (r 0 /h) D = 8 m, r 0 = 0.8 m, h = 5 km  θ 0 = 10” h

8. Page 8 Francois Rigaut’s diagrams of tomography for AO 90 km “Missing” Data Credit: Rigaut, MCAO for Dummies

9. Page 9 What is Tomography ? 2. Wider field of view, no cone effect 90 km Credit: Rigaut, MCAO for Dummies Tomography lets you reconstruct turbulence in the entire cylinder of air above the telescope mirror

10. Page 10 Concept of a metapupil Can be made larger than “real” telescope pupil Increased field of view due to overlap of fields toward multiple guide stars

11. 11 Each wavefront sensor measures the integral of index variation along the ray lines The line integral along z determines the k z =0 Fourier spatial frequency component Projections at several angles sample the k x,k y,k z volume kXkX kZkZ Fourier slice theorem in tomography (Kak, Computer Aided Tomography, 1988) How tomography works: from Don Gavel

12. 12 kXkX kZkZ The larger the telescope’s primary mirror, the wider the range of angles accessible for measurement In Fourier space, this means that the “bow-tie” becomes wider More information about the full volume of turbulence above the telescope How tomography works: from Don Gavel

13. Page 13 y How tomography works: some math Assume we measure y with our wavefront sensors Want to solve for x = value of  OPD) The equations are underdetermined – there are more unknown voxel values than measured phases  blind modes. Need a few natural guide stars to determine these. where y = vector of all WFS measurements x = value of  OPD) at each voxel in turbulent volume above telescope x A is a forward propagator

14. Page 14 y x Solve for the full turbulence above the telescope using the back-propagator y x A T is a back propagator along rays back toward the guidestars y = vector of all WFS measurements x = value of  OPD) at each voxel in turbulent volume above telescope Use iterative algorithms to converge on the solution.

15. Page 15 Tomography movie: Ragazzoni

16. Page 16 LGS Related Problems: “Null modes” Five “Null Modes” are not seen by LGS (Tilt indetermination problem) → Need 3 well spread NGSs to control these modes Tilt Anisoplanatism : Low order modes (e.g. focus) > Tip-Tilt at altitude → Dynamic Plate Scale changes Credit: Rigaut, MCAO for Dummies

17. Page 17 Outline of lecture Review of AO tomography concepts AO applications of tomography –Laser tomography AO –Multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) –Multi-object AO (MOAO) –Ground-layer AO (GLAO)

18. Page 18 The multi-laser guide star AO zoo (1) Narrow field, suffers from cone effect Narrow field, cone effect fixed

19. Page 19 The multi-laser guide star AO zoo (2) Both correct over a wide field, at a penalty in peak Strehl

20. Page 20 The multi-laser guide star AO zoo (3) Correct over narrow field of view located anywhere w/in wide field of regard Quite modest correction over a very wide field of view

21. Central parts of the globular cluster Omega Centauri, as seen using different adaptive optics techniques. The upper image is a reproduction of ESO Press Photo eso0719, with the guide stars used for the MCAO correction identified with a cross. A box shows a 14 arcsec area that is then observed while applying different or no AO corrections, as shown in the bottom images. From left to right : No Adaptive Optics, Single Conjugate and Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics corrections. SCAO has almost no effect in sharpening the star images while the improvement provided by MCAO is remarkable. Credit: ESO MCAO on-sky performance MCAO improves image quality where there is no single nearby bright guide star

22. Page 22 Outline of lecture Review of AO tomography concepts AO applications of tomography –Multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) –Multi-object adaptive optics (MOAO) –Ground-layer AO (GLAO)

23. Page 23 What is multiconjugate AO? Deformable mirror Turbulence Layers Credit: Rigaut, MCAO for Dummies

24. Page 24 Deformable mirrors Turbulence Layers Credit: Rigaut, MCAO for Dummies What is multiconjugate AO?

25. Page 25 The multi-conjugate AO concept Telescope DM1 DM2 Turb. Layers #2 #1 Atmosphere WFS UP Credit: Rigaut, MCAO for Dummies

26. Page 26 Difference between Laser Tomography AO and MCAO Laser Tomography AO can be done with only 1 deformable mirror If used with multiple laser guide stars, reduces cone effect MCAO uses multiple DMs, increases field of view

27. Page 27 WFSs Guide Stars DM2 Telescope High Altitude Layer Ground Layer DM1 WFC “Star Oriented” MCAO Each WFS looks at one star Global Reconstruction n GS, n WFS, m DMs 1 Real Time Controller The correction applied at each DM is computed using all the input data. Credit: N. Devaney

28. Page 28 WFC2 DM2 WFS2 WFC1 DM1 WFS1 Telescope High Alt. Layer Ground Layer Guide Stars Layer Oriented MCAO Layer Oriented WFS architecture Local Reconstruction x GS, n WFS, n DMs n RTCs Wavefront is reconstructed at each altitude independently. Each WFS is optically coupled to all the others. GS light co-added for better SNR. Credit: N. Devaney

29. Page 29 MCAO Simulations, 3 laser guide stars Strehl at 2.2 μ m 3 NGS, FoV = 1.5 arc min Strehl at 2.2 μ m 3 NGS, FoV = 1 arc min Credit: N. Devaney As field of view increases, average Strehl drops and variation over field increases

30. Page 30 VLT Multi-conjugate AO Demonstrator (MAD) showed that MCAO works Originally built as a technical demo to exercise in the lab, and then on the sky Compare layer- oriented with star- oriented MCAO Uses natural guide stars Users love it! Became a regular VLT instrument

31. Page 31 Results from ESO’s Multiconjugate AO Demonstrator (MAD) Single ConjugateMulti Conjugate Effective  0 ~ 20” Effective  0 ~ 40-50”

32. Page 32 Science papers with MAD: Orion star cluster MCAO correction is clearly better than single conjugate AO, but this is the case all across the image (not clear what  0 is doing)

33. Page 33 Orion star cluster with MAD, continued

34. Page 34 Jupiter with MAD: single conjugate AO has done as well or better than MCAO MAD MCAORegular Keck AO Jupiter is about 30” across

35. Page 35 Early impressions of MCAO performance based on MAD results to date Can extend  0 from ~ 20 arc sec all the way to ~ 60” Some penalty in peak Strehl, in return for larger corrected field But really need three guide stars - hard to find if using “real” stars. (Hence MAD’s lopsided Strehl maps.) MCAO should really excel with laser guide stars –Gemini South’s GEMS is first to do this Note: Solar AO has demonstrated benefits of MCAO using multiple “regions of interest” as wavefront references

38. Page 38 GEMS image of star formation in Orion

39. Orion star forming region: Compare GEMS MCAO with ALTAIR single conjugate AO on Gemini North Telescope ALTAIRGEMS

40. Page 40 Outline of lecture Review of AO tomography concepts AO applications of tomography –Multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) –Multi-object adaptive optics (MOAO) –Ground-layer AO (GLAO)

41. Page 41 Distinctions between multi-conjugate and multi-object AO DMs conjugate to different altitudes in the atmosphere Guide star light is corrected by DMs before its wavefront is measured Only one DM per object, conjugate to ground Guide star light doesn’t bounce off small MEMS DMs in multi-object spectrograph ? 1-2 arc min

42. Page 42 Multi-Object AO Correct over multiple narrow fields of view located anywhere w/in wide field of regard In most versions, each spectrograph or imager has its own MEMS AO mirror, which laser guide star lights doesn’t bounce off of Hence this scheme is called “open loop”: DM doesn’t correct laser guide star wavefronts before LGS light goes to wavefront sensors In one version, each LGS also has its own MEMS correction

43. Page 43 Science with MOAO: multiple deployable spatially resolved spectrographs A MEMS DM underneath each high-redshift galaxy, feeding a narrow-field spatially resolved spectrograph (IFU) No need to do AO correction on the blank spaces between the galaxies

44. Page 44 Why does MOAO work if there is only one deformable mirror in the science path? Tomography lets you measure the turbulence throughout the volume above the telescope 90 km

45. Page 45 Why does MOAO work if there is only one deformable mirror in the science path? Tomography lets you measure the turbulence throughout the volume above the telescope In the direction to each galaxy, you can then project out the turbulence you need to cancel out for that galaxy 90 km

46. Page 46 Existing and Near-Term MOAO Systems CANARY (Durham, Obs. de Paris, ONERA, ESO) –MOAO demonstrator for E-ELT –On William Herschel Telescope; one arm –Had already commissioning run –First NGS (done), then Rayleigh guide stars RAVEN (U Victoria, Subaru, INO, Canadian NRC) –And Celia Blain! –MOAO demonstrator for Subaru telescope –3 NGS wavefront sensors –Field of regard > 2.7 arc min –Will feed an IR science camera –Delivery in 2012

48. Page 48 VILLAGES at Lick Observatory: Demonstration of Open-Loop Performance Initial demonstration of open-loop MEMS performance –VILLAGES experiment on 1-meter telescope at Mount Hamilton (Lick Observatory) –It works!

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50. Page 50 Both E-ELT and TMT have done early designs for MOAO systems Artist’s sketch of EAGLE MOAO system for E-ELT One of the constraints is that the spectrographs are very large! Hard (and expensive) to fit in a lot of them

51. Page 51 Outline of lecture Review of AO tomography concepts AO applications of tomography –Multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) –Multi-object adaptive optics (MOAO) –Ground-layer AO (GLAO)

52. Page 52 Ground layer AO: do tomography, but only use 1 DM (conjugate to ground layer) single DM conjugated to ground layer Credit: J-M Conan GLAO uses 1 ground-conjugated DM, corrects near-ground turbulence MCAO GLAO

53. Page 53 Correcting just the ground layer gives a very large isoplanatic angle Strehl = 0.38 at θ = θ 0 θ 0 is isoplanatic angle θ 0 is weighted by high-altitude turbulence (z 5/3 ) If turbulence is only at low altitude, overlap is very high. If you only correct the low altitude turbulence, the isoplanatic angle will be large (but the correction will be only modest) Telescope Common Path

54. Page 54 Ground Layer AO (GLAO) typically decreases natural “seeing” by a factor of 1.5 to 2 Example: GLAO calculation for Giant Magellan Telescope (M. Johns) Adaptive secondary conjugation at 160 m above primary mirror. Performance goals: –  > 0.8 μm –Field of view: >10’ –Factor of 1.5-2 reduction in image size. Modeled using Cerro Pachon turbulence profile. (M-L Hart 2003)

55. Page 55 Many observatories have ambitious GLAO projects planned Near term on medium sized telescopes: SOAR (4.25m), William Herschel Telescope (4.2m), MMT (6.5m) Medium term on VLT (8m), LBT (2x8m) Longer term on Giant Magellan Telescope etc. Is it worth the large investment “just” to decrease “seeing” disk by factor of 1.5 to 2 ? –Depends on whether existing or planned large spectrographs can take advantage of smaller image –Potential improved SNR for background-limited point sources

56. Page 56 Credit: A. Tokovinin time

57. Page 57 Credit: A. Tokovinin

58. Page 58 Initial demonstration of GLAO at MMT With GLAO, image width is reduced from 0.70 to 0.33 arc sec and peak intensity is increased by factor of 2.3 Credit: Christoph Baranec, Michael Hart, and colleagues, U AZ

60. Page 60 GLAO at the MMT (Rayleigh guide stars)

61. Page 61 SOAR Telescope

62. Page 62 Summary Tomography: a way to measure the full volume of turbulence above the telescope Once you have measured the turbulence there are several ways to do the wavefront correction –Laser Tomography AO: Multiple laser guide stars, 1 DM, corrects cone effect. Narrow field. –Multi-conjugate AO: Multiple DMs, each optically conjugate to a different layer in atmosphere. Wider field of view. –Multi-object AO: Correct many individual objects, each over a small field. Each has very good correction. Wider field of regard. –Ground-layer AO: Correct just ground layer turbulence. Very large field of view but only modest correction. All four methods will be used in the future

63. Page 63 Backup slides

64. Altitude Cn 2 nn (Turbulence Strength)(Index variations) Projection Cn 2 weighted back- projection Uniformly weighted back- projection 5-guidestar reconstructions Reconstruction using back-projections with C N 2 x GS1 GS2 S z

65. Page 65 Cone (laser guide star) back-projections Altitude nn (Index variations) 3 laser guidestar reconstuction 5 laser guidestar reconstuction 5 natural star reconstuction x GS1 GS2 S z