1. Ms. A. Martin, M.ED.

2.  Explain how the social, psychological and political Influence pervasive in the African culture and middle eastern culture in regards to femininity and masculinity, primarily focusing on circumcision connects to your cultures social, psychological and political Influence on gender roles.

3.  Use your novel as a secondary source along with three other secondary sources and one primary source.  5-7 pages in length  Margins are 1” all around  12 font  Double spaced  Times News Roman  MLA Format  MUST have a Works Cited Page  Paper needs no title page or cover  Paper must have at least 7 citations  Must be typed up and turned in as well as emailed.

4.  JANUARY 5, 2009

6.  Works Cited should be centered on the top of the page  WC page also has a header (your last name and a page number)  ONLY the authors whom you have cited in your paper will be included on the Works Cited page

7.  Authors should be alphabetized according to last name first  If an article has no author listed, list the title using the first IMPORTANT word of the title and place it in alphabetical order on the list  If the article is ACTUALLY listed as Anonymous, then you may use Anonymous as your author

8.  Each entry on the Works Cited page ends with a period  A book or article with two authors: First author goes last name and then first name. The second author goes first name and then last For example Smith, David and John Brown

9.  Three authors for a work would appear like this: Klein, David, Richard Wise and John Smith If you have more than three authors, you put them on the Works Cited page by listing only the first author, et al. Klein, David, et al.

10.  In the MLA the second line of an entry on the Works Cited page is a Hanging Indent Klein, David and Carol Wright. Concise Guide to Writing. Boston: St. Martin’s, 2002.

11.  Place your name, my name, Class title and date on four separate lines on the LEFT side of your paper Billy Guthrie Mrs. Meadows English 12 December 20, 2005

12.  The first page has the FULL title of your research paper, centered  The first page and every page after it has a header in the upper right hand corner. It will have your last name and the page #’s

13.  Make sure you have a thesis statement  Have a well developed introduction  Explain the background of your issue

14.  Above all else, YOU should be the dominant voice of YOUR paper. All of the quotes, summaries, and paraphrased material are in support of your reasoning and discussion. They are embedded in your material and ideally should not be intrusive enough to take on an identity of their own (unless the material is so critical that you manipulate it to be conspicuous)

15.  Seventy-five per cent of the research material (material not the paper) that you are using should be PARAPHRASED. Remember that paraphrasing means to put the ideas of the original in your own words (using two successive words would require quotation marks).  Although every single word of your material may be different from the original, if you got the IDEA or the ORGANIZING strategy from someone else, you need to acknowledge the borrowing by identifying the original author and source. (Documentation is no big trick; why flirt with disaster about plagiarizing?)

16.  Be aware that your paper is evaluated on the STRENGTH OF THE SOURCES that you use. Just any source is not suitable. No common encyclopedias or bad secondary sources, please

17.  Primary Sources: Original documents from which you draw conclusions (GOOD)  Secondary Sources: What other people said about your topic (not as good)

18.  Autobiographies  Diaries  Documents  Eyewitness accounts  Film footage  Laws  Letters  Newspaper articles  Novels  Objects from the time  Oral histories  Photographs  Poems, art, music  Speeches An informational source from the time of the event

19.  Who wrote this?  How do they know the information they are telling me?  When did they write it?  Why did they write it?  Who did they write it for?

20. An informational source that analyzes the event. These sources often use several primary sources to compile the information.  Biographies  Encyclopedias  History books  Textbooks

21.  Verbs of attribution are not universally interchangeable, but there are multitudes of meanings: says, states, declares, avows, avers, believes, delineates, traces, announces, affirms, pronounces, proclaims, verbalizes, utters, relates, tells, narrates, recounts, relays, transmits, communicates, shares, demarcates, conveys, reports, links, expresses, voices, considers, supposes, thinks, deems, doubts, defines, outlines, describes, explains..

22. Is it possible for a Secondary Source to be completely objective?

23. The following passage describes his National Guard service: In May 1968, at the height of the Vietnam War, he entered the Texas Air National Guard. He trained in the guard for two years, where he was among the last to learn to fly the F-102, a plane not used in Vietnam and due to be retired. While this could be true, why would it be important to know that he was “among the last to learn to fly the F- 102”? Is this a commentary on President Bush flying an outdated plane? Is it an unbiased point of view?

24. (note that Encarta lets people edit its pages but with editor approval) Upon completing college, [Bush] became eligible for the military draft. To meet his service obligation, Bush enlisted in the Texas Air National Guard in 1968. He told the admitting officer that he wanted to become a pilot like his father, who was a highly decorated Navy flier in World War II. He did his basic training at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas, and entered a pilot-training program at Moody Air Force Base Georgia. He received favorable reports from his superiors, attained the rank of second lieutenant, and was certified to fly the F-102 jet fighter during training missions in the South and along the Gulf Coast. Encarta doesn’t mention that President Bush being one of the last to fly the F- 102, and instead notes patriotically how President Bush wanted to fly a jet like his father.

25. OPAC Subject, Keyword, Power searches On-line Databases Nettrekker Elibrary ProQuest Search Engines Use your favorite, but use it wisely

26.  It is a way to let people know where your information comes from.  Whenever you use material that you got from another source in your research project, you must let your audience know immediately where it came from, right after you use it.

27.  You must cite your sources when using the following kinds of materials, in whole or in part:  Direct quotations whether in written or oral formats (includes stories, speeches, fiction and nonfiction)  Paraphrased quotations (these are quotes whose words you have changed somewhat)

28. You must cite your sources when using the following kinds of materials, in whole or in part:  Direct quotations whether in written or oral formats (includes stories, speeches, fiction and nonfiction)  Paraphrased quotations (these are quotes whose words you have changed somewhat)

29.  Statistical Data (numbers about things)  Images that are attributed to someone (includes cartoons, photos, maps, artwork, computer graphics-but not free "clip art")  Song lyrics  Original ideas that are attributed to someone else, even if you put them in your own words

30.  At the end of the borrowed material, put in parentheses the author's last name and the page(s) where the material is found within the source.Example: "No nation in the world has so many drastic problems squeezed into so small a place, under such urgent pressure of time and heavy burden of history, as Israel" (Tuchman 12). "No nation in the world has so many drastic problems squeezed into so small a place, under such urgent pressure of time and heavy burden of history, as Israel" (Tuchman 12). Author’s last name page #

31. Example:  Use the author's name in the text that you write and put the page number(s) in parentheses at the end of the borrowed material. Example: Barbara Tuchman said,"No nation in the world has so many drastic problems squeezed into so small a place, under such urgent pressure of time and heavy burden of history, as Israel" (123). Barbara Tuchman said,"No nation in the world has so many drastic problems squeezed into so small a place, under such urgent pressure of time and heavy burden of history, as Israel" (123). page #

32. Smith 12 Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Bleak House. 1852-1853. New York: Penguin, 1985. ---. David Copperfield. 1849-1850. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958. Miller, J. Hillis. Charles Dickens: The World and His Novels. Bloomington: U of Indiana P, 1958. Zwerdling, Alex. “Esther Summerson Rehabilitated.” PMLA 88 (May 1973): 429-439.

33. If you have more than one work by the same author, you should use three hyphens in the place of the author on the second listing Dickens, Charles. Bleak House. 1852-1853. New York: Penguin, 1985. ---. David Copperfield. 1849-1850. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958. HOWEVER if the second work by the same author has a Co-author then you should repeat the first author’s name Dickens, Charles and John Smith. Home for the Holidays. New York: Penquin, 1985

34.  Indent all lines 10 spaces from the left margin, to distinguish a block from a paragraph break. blocks, and so do some instructors.)  (b) Don't put an indented block in quotation marks; the indenting replaces quotation marks. Only use quotation marks in an indented block where the source author him- or herself is quoting or is reporting spoken words INTEGRATING SOURCES INTO A PAPER

35. (c) Tell your readers in advance who is about to speak and what to be listening for. Don't send them unguided through a long stretch of someone else's words.

36.  (d) Construct your lead-in sentence so that it ends with a colon pointing the reader ahead

37.  e) Follow up a block quotation with commentary that reflects on it and makes clear why you needed to quote it.Your follow-up unless you have discussed the quotation in the sentences leading up to it should usually be at least two sentences long, and it should generally involve repeating or echoing the language of the quotation itself, as you draw out its significance.  Any quotation, like any fact, is only as good as what you make of it. Another way to state this rule would be: avoid ending a paragraph on a block quotation; end with a follow-up

38.  (f) When using in-text parenthetic citation, put your citation of a block quotation outside the period at the end of the last sentence quoted. This makes clear that the citation applies to the whole block, not only to the last se ntence quoted.