1. Compatibility  Fungal Groups (on the bases of compatibility): Homothallism Heterothallism Secondary Homothallism 1 Mating Type Locus (factor) SOURCE OF VARIATION  Mutation  Reproductive process: Sexual Asexual Parasexual Control System: Intranucleus : mating type gene Extranucleus SEXUAL REPRODUCTION  Sexual Morphology  Gamet: isogamet, anisogamet  Organ: undifferentiated (progametangium, thallus) Differentiated (progametangium, anteridium, ascogonium, oogonium)  Fungal Groups (on the bases of organ seks) 1. Hermaprodit 2. Dioesious 3. Fungi with undifferentiated sex

2. 2 HOMOTHALLISM  Primary mating system of zoosporic fungi, ascomycetes and some basidiomycetes  Complete its sexual reproductive cycle from thallus derived from germination of a single spore  Reproduction process: 1. One thallus produces two different sex organs 2. Thallus derived from binucleate spores (secondary homotalism)  Plasmogamy between hyphae of two compatible strain do not involve mating type factor.  Low genetic variability HETEROTHALLlSM  Mating between two homokaryotic individual, that are self sterile  Complete their sexual cycle when all genetic requirements occur in a single nucleus  Heterothallism between two strain controlled by mating type gene or heterotallism gene (somatic compatibility)  Compatibility system 1. Unifactorial (one loci, one to many alel) 2. Bifactorial (two loci, two-many alel) 3. Four loci in two chromosome

3. A1B1A1B2A2B1A2B2 A1B1-FLB+ A1B2FL-+B A2B1B+-FL A2B2+BFL- A1A2A3A4 A1-+++ A2+-++ A3++-+ A4+++- Aa A-+ a+- 3 Unifactorial: one locus, one to many alel BIPOLAR BIFACTORIAL two loci, two-many alel TETRAPOLAR Pada Schizophyllum commune: A , A  dan , B  Loc A : control of nuclear pairing, initiation of clamp connection, separation of the clamp by a septum. Loc B : control of septal breakdown and nuclear migration

4. Somatic compatibility reaction: (a,d) Fully compatible (b) Not compatible: narrow, line, line-gap (bow tie), e) one way migration (c) Not compatible : barrage Incompatible Reaction a)Exudate at contact zone of the two strains b) Barrage c)Exudate at contact zone of the twostrains Directional inhibition. 4

5. Derived from one parent Traits affected transfer of the mitochondria, virus or plasmids EXTRANUCLEAR CONTROL OF GENETIC Not follow the Mendelian pattern. Ex: Poky N.crassa (mitochondria plasmid, slow growth, cytochromes A dan B high, While C is low Senescence Podospora anserina (mitochondria plasmid, decline vigour, stop growing, respiration inhibition) Hypovirulency (ds RNA), Cryphonectria parasitica Killer (dsRNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae As source of variation amongst anamorphic fungi  Found the first time by PONTECORVO 1956 on culture of Aspergillus nidulans that shows sectors.  0ccasionally found in nature  Effeciency of recombinant formation < Sexual reproduction 5

6. 6 HETEROKARYOSISHeterokaryon segregation during conidiation  SEQUENCE : 1. Heterokaryosis 2. Diploidization 3. Haploidization, crossing over and Non-disjunction at mitotic process Different nucleus type Diploid nucleus diploidization Mutation Hyphal fusion Conidial head Heterokaryotic hypha Sterigma Metula Vesikel Aspergillus nidulans Heterokaryon indicated by different colour of conidia Foot cell Heterokaryosis on Aspergillus Conidia

7. HAPLOIDIZATION 1. 2. Crossing over (increase the possibility of recombination) Non-disjunction (form abnormal conidia) 2N N MITOSIS PABA: p-Amino Benzoic Acid BI: Biotin (a) Homologous chromosom (b) Mitotic crossing over (c) recombinant Non-disjunction Non disjunction 2N+1 2N-1 N+N Non disjunction 7