B.A I YEAR , HISTORY B PAPER

B.A I YEAR , HISTORY B PAPER

The Mughal emperors (first six rulers).
BABUR ( ) HUMAYUN ( ) AKBAR ( ) JAHANGIR ( ) SHAHJAHAN ( ) AURANGZEB ( )

Islam in India Delhi Sultanate founded by Turkic Mamluks employed by rulers of Afghanistan Early rulers had to defend north from attempted Mongol invasions Power derived from military highways, trade routes and the ability to control military and provincial governers Introduced copper & silver coins Destroyed some Hindi temples to build Mosques Many refugees arrived from Persia after the Mongol invasions bringing many skills.

Sultanate Mosques Mosque built in the early Sultanate Incorporated Islamic design into India and developed new features by adapting Indian features into its design. The minaret on the left is the tallest structure in medieval India

Sultanate Expansion – 14th C
Mongols try to invade 6 different times. In the early 14th century the Sultan travels from the north after repelling the Mongols to the south to expand his kingdom. This conquest only lasts a very short time.

14th Century Sultanate Taxes are not standardized between rulers and widely fluctuate causing hardship Peasants pay 1/3 -1/2 of produce in taxes plus other types of taxes Rebellions in the countryside Sultans build canals and irrigation works to expand agriculture- didn’t help much Ibn Battuta visits in the first half of the century. He is sent by the Sultan as a representative to China

14th Century Sultanate Culture
Sufi practice spreads in N. India – love & devotion to realize God Bakti movement spreads also – fundamental unity of all religions Persian language is used by elite Muslims in India Elite culture spurs greater trade although many farmers are hurt by tax policies Urbanization spreads Exports flourished Cotton & silk textiles Paper industry Leather making Metal crafts Carpet weaving Sultanate coinage in the 14th century

Sultantate in the 15th Century
Timur invades in 1398 Dehli Sultanate loses territory throughout the 1400’s Increasing rebellions led by the nobles Last ruler defeated in 1526 by invading Mughals.

Sultanate Legacy Protected India from being ravaged by the Mongols
Maintained social separateness from Hindus Introduced new art and architectural styles into India Facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean due to elite culture demands Ultimately failed due to constant rebellions of Muslim nobles and Hindu peasants

Delhi Sultanate Islam in India

Introduction Under the Mughals, India was the heart of a great Islamic empire and a prolific center of Islamic culture and learning. Dynasty was the greatest, richest and longest lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India. Mongol Descendents The Great Mughal Emperors were: Babur ( ) The First of the Mughals Humayun ( ) The Luckless Leader Akbar ( ) The Great Jehangir ( ) The Paragon of Stability Shah Jehan ( ) The Master Builder Aurangzeb ( ) The Intolerant

Babur 1526 - 1530 The First of the Mughals
Babur was a direct descendant of the Turkish Ghengis Khan and Timur from Tamerlane. Defeated the Delhi Sultanate & established the Mughal Empire. Gunpowder, a skilled commander, trained soldiers on horses contributed to the victory Gained control of the whole northern India Made Agra capital He reigned for 4 short years and died at age 47 in 1530. Did not enact new laws or organization in the empire due to early his death

Humayun 1530 - 1556 The Luckless Leader
After Babur died, he was succeeded by his son Humayun in Humayun was 23 years old. He was not a soldier and unlike his father, neither skilled nor a wise leader. Inherited a disunited and disorganized empire. In 1540, Sher Shah of Bengal defeated Humayun and took over the Mughal Empire. The Empire was lost from He was exiled but later regained power in 1555. Humayun died in 1556 after falling down the steps of his library; he is known as “the luckless one”.

Akbar The Great Akbar become the new Mughal ruler at the age of 14. Regent and his mother ruled in his name for 4 years Akbar was an ambitious and noble commander Built the largest army ever in the empire. Helped to conquer nearly all of modern-day northern India and Pakistan. Great administrator developed a centralized government It delegated 15 provinces each under a governor and each province into districts and each district was further sub-divided into smaller sections. Best known for tolerance of his subjects (especially Hindus) Removed poll taxes on Hindus Invited religious scholars to debate him in his private chambers. Developed his own faith call Din Ilahi. Din Ilahi was a mixture of the other religions Akbar had studied from those debates. Religion never caught on

Jehangir Issues (specific)
Under the influence of his wife and many others, Jehangir was not an able ruler like his father. He loved to drink and enjoy himself. He had to suppress many rebellions. Important posts in the court were given to families, friends, and especially those close to his wife, Jahan.

Shah Jehan 1627 - 1658 The Master Builder
Shah Jehan succeeded his father in 1627. Better ruler than Jehangir. Restored the efficiency of government. Recovered territories. Maintained peace Foreign traders were allowed into India and trade increased considerably. The empire was expanded. Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts Built many great architecture buildings including the Taj Mahal and the Peacock Throne, a brilliant gold throne encased in hundreds of precious gems.

Shah Jehan Taj Mahal Built in honor of his wife who died during childbirth. Took over a decade to build and it nearly bankrupted the empire. Shah Jehan became seriously ill and a dispute over the succession of the throne ensued between his three sons. Aurangzeb deposed Shah Jehan in a coup d’etat in Shah Jehan was imprisoned in the Octagonal Tower of the Agra Fort from which he could see the Taj Mahal. He died in 1666 and was buried next to his wife in the Taj Mahal.

Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707 The Intolerant
Aurangzeb ascended the throne after disposing his father and beating out his two brothers. Despot severely persecuted Hindus of Northern India. Empire declines under his reign He removed the tax-free status for Hindus Destroyed their temples Crushed semi-autonomous Hindu states Primary Interest - Promote Islam vs tolerance

Aurangzeb’s Architectural Legacy
Taj Mahal, Agra Shah Jehan Bibi ka Maqbara, Aurangbab 1678 Aurangzeb Built nearly 50 years apart, the Taj Mahal and the Bibi la Maqbara are very similar in architectural style. Aurangzeb’s other architectural legacy included: Moti Masjid (Delhi Fort), Delhi (1659) Buri-I-Shamali (Delhi Fort), Delhi Badshahi Mosque, Lahore (1674)

The Success of the Mughals
It is agreed among many scholars that the Mughal empire was the greatest, richest and most long-lasting Muslim dynasty to rule India. This period of Mughal rule produced the finest and most elegant art and architecture in the history of Muslim dynasties. The Mughal emperors, with few exceptions, were among the world’s most aesthetically minded rules. Although Turkish and Persian in background, the Mughals were not Muslim rulers of India but Indian rulers who happened to be Muslims. This idea is most evident in Akbar’s obsession of a utopian India for Hindus and Muslims. The longevity of the Mughal empire can be contributed to a number of factors. The Mughal emperors were ambitious and for the most part able rulers. But Akbar is perhaps the Mughal emperor responsible for much of the prosperity and harmony achieved during the Mughal Empire.

By 1650, the Mughal empire had expanded farther North and South.
Akbar the Great, as he is referred, perceived that 3 things were needed if his Empire was to be stable and long-lasting. 1. Fair rent must be fixed for the peasant and a steady revenue for the treasury, 2. The land must be ruled by men who were impartial and responsible to himself, 3. The Muslim must live at peace with the Hindu. Akbar strove during his lifetime to achieve these 3 things. He showed tolerance to Hindu scholars and women. By 1650, the Mughal empire had expanded farther North and South.

Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India
Babur’s victory at Panipat in 1526 established the Mughal Empire and ended the reign of the Delhi Sultanate. The rise of the great Mughal Dynasty in India began with Babur. Humayun succeeded his father Babur and became emperor. He was defeated and dislodged by insurrections of nobles from the old Lodi regime. In , the Mughal domain came under control of Farid Khan Sur (Shir Shah Sur). Humayun died at the age of 48 when he fell down the steps of his library. Akbar, the most sophisticated Mughal commander and leader, was only 14 years of age when he succeeded his father Humayun. Under Akbar's reign, Muslims and Hindu’s received the same respect.

Summary: The Dynasty of the Great Mughals in India
Jehangir succeeded his father, Akbar. Prince Khurram was 35 years old when he ascended the throne as Shah Jehan, King of the World. In the summer of 1659, Aurangzeb held a coronation in the Red Fort where he assumed the title of Alamgir (World Conqueror). After a bitter struggle with his two brothers, Aurangzeb was the victor who took the throne. 1857 Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, was deposed in India was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown. This brought the end of the Mughal Empire.

The Mughals Indian empire that ruled for more than 300 years (1526 to 1858), except for a brief period under the Sur sultans ( ).

Desription Founded in 1526. Dominated India between 17th and 18th centuries. Empire ended in mid-1900s. Descended from Mongolian ancestors around Pakistan. Population at height: between 110 and 130 million people. Sophisticated, mixed Indo-Persian culture.

Brief History Empire founded in 1526 by Emperor Babur. Prospered under first 6 emperors, referred to as the Great Mughals. 2nd emperor, Humayan, lost several battles to Sher Shah Suri, losing control of Hindustan. 3rd emperor Akbar (circa 1700) regained control of Hindustan. Greatest Mughal ruler. 5th ruler Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in 1653. Empire declined under 6th emperor, Aurangzeb. Wars of succession, local revolts. Empire had several more mediocre rulers, finally ending in 1857 with expulsion to Burma (by British) of Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. By 1765, the Mughal emperor had become a pensioner of the British East India Company.

Influence onIndia Centralized government system.
Persian art/culture merged with native Indian art/culture. New trade routes with Arabs and Turks. Mughlai cuisine. New architectural style. Landscape gardening. Urdu language developed from the fusion of Indian and Islamic culture. Urdu = Persian + Arabic + Turkish

Involved a lot of nature (birds, flowers, animals, etc.)
Very colorful and detailed. In 1680 Emporer Shah Jahan banned music and painting from his court, but he allowed architectural art, such as the Pearl Mosque and the Taj Mahal.

Architecture Nearly 400 monuments have survived a time-span of 132 years. White marble and red sandstone was favored. Semi-precious gemstones were popular (jade, crystal, etc.) Used arches sparingly. Symmetry and balance stressed. Used octagons a lot.

PRIMARY SOURCES MAJOR HISTORIANS: ABUL FAZL ABDUL QADIR BADAONI
GULBADAN BEGUM ABDUL HAMID LAHORI SAQI MUSTAID KHAN BHIMSEN

INTRODUCTION What were the factors behind the success of the Mughals?
How they were able to establish and maintained their sovereignty over the Indian sub-continent and legitimize their rule? Was it because they had better military technology and skills? Or had charismatic

INTRODUCTION rulers? Or were the centralizing institutions and broad base and culturally diverse bureaucracy responsible for their success? How did the descendents of Babur who ruled over a small principality in Farghana (Afghanistan) created one of the most powerful gunpowder empires (other two: the Ottoman Turks and Safavids of Persia)

THE LARGEST ARMY The Mughals maintained the largest standing army of that time. Just one estimate: In 1628 there 200,000 salaried cavalrymen, 8000 mansabdars, 7000 ahadis and mounted musketeers were stationed at the imperial capital, besides the armies of the nobles, mansabdars and the princes. In many instances they had the fastest moving army as well. Akbar was able to cover a distance of 500

THE LARGEST ARMY… miles (normally it took twenty-one days), in nine days to crush a rebellion (this feat was never repeated). Mughal dynamism depended on its military conquest, so much that some historians call it “a war state (J F Richards). Mughal emperors made little apology for attacking the neighbouring rulers and they regarded the

CHARISMATIC RULERS adjoining territories either as tributaries or enemies. The Mughal emperors, especially Akbar, created a special image of himself, and some of his personal qualities and virtues later served as a model for his successors (more details when legitimization process will be discussed).

CENTRALIZING INSTITUTIONS
Most of the administrative institutions were initiated and established during the reign of Akbar. He was able to build a centralized administration which was capable of steady expansion as new territories were added to the empire. At the apex of this system was the emperor who acted as a chief executive. At the central level there were four main

THE MINISTERS… officials and their ministries namely: Diwan in charge of finance and revenue, Mir Bakshi in charge of army and intelligence, Qazi in charge of judiciary and patronage and Mir-i-Saman in charge of the royal household, and its central workshops, buildings, roads and canals throughout the empire. All other functions such as diplomacy and

THE MINISTERS.. external affairs remained under emperor’s control.
The Mughal civil and administrative officials were regulated and organized under the mansabdari system. Each of these officials were supported and helped by a large staff of clerks, accountants, auditors, messengers, and other functionaries.

THE PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS
The division of functions established at the centre was duplicated in the provinces. At each provincial capital a subahdar (governor) responsible directly to the emperor, shared power with a diwan (finance official) reported to the imperial diwan, bakshi (military and intelligence official) reported to the mir-bakshi and a sadr reported to the imperial qazi.

THE MANSABDARI SYSTEM Every official in the Mughal empire, high or low, had a rank or a mansab. Their status, duties, pay and importance were graded accordingly. Technically, all mansabdars had to maintain a military contingent for which they were paid. All other officials were paid in cash. During Akbar’s time the official bearing a decimal rank of 500 were ranked as a noble

THE MANSABDARI …. or umara. But by the end of the seventeenth century the mansabdars with 1000 rank were accorded the status of a umara. All mansabdars had dual ranks and they were remunerated on that basis. The successful regulation of the mansabs and the salary assignment (jagirdari system) can be truly termed as a Mughal phenomenon.

THE MANSABDARI… All Mughal officials received a dual rank when they joined the Mughal imperial service. That was zat (personal salary) and sawar (payment for the military contingent). For example the mansab of Prince Salim (Jahangir) was 5000 zat/5000 sawar. What does it mean: Prince Salim’s personal salary was based on his mansab of 5000 zat and for 5000 sawar, he had to maintain a military contingent.

THE MANSABDARI… During Akbar’s reign the ratio was one horsemen and two horses and a mansabdar of 5000 sawar had to maintain a contingent of 5000 horsemen. The mansabdars zat rank never exceeded his sawar rank (either it used to be equal 5000/5000 or 3000/ 4000 or less than the sawar rank). The zat numerals were always used to be stated first. The highest rank (mansab) was 7000/7000 which was awarded to the officials/royalty.

CHANGES IN THE MANSABDARI
After the reign of Akbar when the highest ranking mansabdars who had reached the maximum limit in their mansab had nothing to aspire for. For this reason there were some changes in the mansabdari system. The quota of the contingent which each mansabdar had to maintain was lowered and there were further reductions in the contingent if the mansabdars were posted on the frontiers or far away places.

THE CHANGES… Changes in the mansabdari system:
Du-aspa and sih-aspa categories: For example the mansab of Ali Mardan Khan (1628) was 7000/7000 du-aspa (His personal rank was 7000 but for his 7000 contingent he had to maintain only 66% of troops) If the sih-aspa category was added then the mansabdar had to maintain 33% of his contingent.

THE CHANGES… The crisis in the mansabdari system was becoming obvious by the time of Shahjahan. The zat rank of the mansabdars starting exceeding their sawar rank and had crossed the maximum limit of A mansabdar could have a mansab of 20,000/ (will be elaborated).

THE JAGIRDARI SYSTEM All the Mughal mansabdars were paid through an assignment of jagirs. These jagirs can be linked to the Delhi Sultan’s Iqta system where the Sultans parcelled out their territories to be administered by their nobles and the state officials. These officials were responsible for maintaining law and order and collection of land revenue. After meeting

THE JAGIRDARI… the necessary expenses the iqtadars used to send the surplus revenue to the central treasury. The jagir assignments initiated by Akbar, however, only gave the right to collect revenues to the mansabdars. They were not responsible to maintain law and order or any other responsibilities. It was a purely fiscal

THE JAGIRDARI… arrangement and only Rajput mansabdars were given more extensive rights of residence within their own homeland (Rajputana). They received patrimonial (Mughal term: watan) lands as a part of the jagirs assigned to them. The most important element of the jagir assignments was that they were transferable. Abul Fazl compared the transfer of jagirs to

THE JAGIRDARI… re-sowing of the seeds in the garden. In practice, however, the higher mansabdars preferred to retain their jagirs (if they were good) and bribed the imperial officials lavishly for that. Deaths, transfers, promotions, and demotions of the imperial cadres necessitated continuing transfer of jagirs.

THE ZAMINDARI SYSTEM The local level administration was carried on the local elites or hereditary landowners and in Mughal parlance known as zamindars. They claimed a hereditary right to collect a share in the revenue collection. For administrative purposes they could be categorized into three broad groups.

THE ZAMINDARI… AUTONOMOUS ZAMINDARS: the hereditary landowners who enjoyed sovereign powers. Rajput rulers, Jats (large peasant landowners) belonged to this category. INTERMEDIARY ZAMINDARS: the zamindars who collected the land revenue and paid to the imperial treasury or the jagirdars.

THE ZAMINDARI… PRIMARY ZAMINDARS: the proprietary rights over agricultural as well as habitational lands. Mughal emperors conferred such zamindari rights on people who cleared the forests or brought waste lands under cultivation.

THE LAND REVENUE SYSTEM…
The land revenue (mal) was levied on the actual crop and not on the land. In its primitive form this was known as share cropping. This simple form of revenue collection led to the system of kankut, here instead of dividing the crops physically, the share were deduced based on previous harvests (in place by the fourteenth century).

THE LAND REVENUE… The zabt system introduced by Akbar simplified the process, when on the basis of ten years of harvest, a standard cash rate was fixed for each locality. The land revenue was collected in cash from all parts of the Mughal empire. In addition to the land revenue there were a number of other rural taxes such as grazing tax, levies of the officials, taxes on animals, waste lands, forests, etc.

THE MUGHAL NOBILITY Mughal nobility was unique in two ways: a) Mughal empire was the only Muslim state where the shia and the sunni nobles co-existed peacefully. B) Empire provided opportunities for service irrespective of ethnic, religious or familial ties and thus created a “new individual and group identity”. For instance, the successful expansion of the empire brought

THE NOBILITY… chances of promotion according to the performance of the individual noble. The consolidation of the empire depended on its capacity, firstly, to politically integrate the most important social groups and secondly, to secure the financial resources that were necessary for its survival. In order to achieve a certain unity within the

THE NOBILITY… nobility and to gain the nobles undiminished dedication to the concerns of the imperial centre, the Mughal empire had to provide opportunities to satisfy the interests of the imperial elites and in this way build the nobles identification with the imperial idea. The Mughal nobility became and remained a heterogeneous body of free men, not slaves

THE NOBILITY… (like the Turkish nobility), who rose to eminence as their talents and the emperor’s favours permitted. But no single ethnic or sectarian group was ever large enough to challenge the authority of the emperor. Rewards and incentives rather than force and coercion were the Mughal’s preferred approach. The system offered generous money

THE NOBILITY… rewards as well as lavish honours and preferment to those who performed well at all levels. Possessing great wealth and power, these nobles or umara were highly visible public figures. Their personalities, habits, and movements were the topic of endless rumours and speculations. The greatest nobles used to

THE NOBILITY… be the objects of empire wide- attention. News of royal favour or disfavour, of illnesses, marriages, postings, and other information formed the stuff of countless reports that flashed across the empire. Wherever, they were posted, whether in court or in the provinces, the patrimonial households of the nobles were a focal point of aristocratic life

THE NOBILITY… and culture. To the extent his resources permitted each noblemen emulated the style, etiquette, and opulence of the emperor. These nobles patronized artists, and craftsmen who produced the products exclusively from them. In the Mughal cities of Agra, Delhi, Burhanpur and Lahore, the morphology of urban life was determined by the settlement

THE NOBILITY… patterns of the Mughal nobility. Architects, artisans, builders, poets, found permanent employment in the noble entourages. Mughal officials and frequently, their women spent large sums of money for the construction of public buildings i.e. mosques, inns, stone bridges, gardens and markets. The origin of dozen of new towns and villages throughoutthe Mughal India can be traced to the investment by these nobles.

LEGITIMACY: AKBAR AND HIS POLICIES
How did the Mughals legitimize their rule beyond the religiously sanctioned status, they were not above the Sharia, or, in case of Non-Muslims, dharma. What sort of alliances did they build? How did they secure support and delegate authority. And how did they transformed their power into authority, and what kind of authority they possessed?

THE LEGITIMACY… First of all, the Muslim rulers in India, like their early Muslim predecessors, neither broke away the established kingship system nor interfered with customs, the social order, or indigenous structure of the village administration. The Muslim kings did not present themselves as lawmakers for non-Muslim subjects, but as their protectors and guaranteed the continuity

THE LEGITIMACY… of the traditional social and economic institutions. The Mughals adopted a general policy of tolerance vis-à-vis the largely non-Muslim population and elaborated an entirely new system of cultural ethnic integration, which, in fact, introduced a new quality of imperial rule in India. They claimed to be responsible for the welfare of all their subjects

INTEGRATION PROCESSES
The historians, scholars and literary writers depicted the Mughal emperors as shadows of God on earth, whose authority to rule was a divine right. While Islamic religious thinking had generally restricted the religious function of the ruler to mere protection of law, Abul Fazl invested the Mughal emperor, Akbar, with a paramount spiritual authority. The

moral authority, which he gained by his reputation as a mystic and spiritual guide, did not derive from any particular religion, and therefore, legitimized his position as a ruler for Muslims and Hindus alike. This idea of spiritual leader corresponded with the Hindu and Muslim ideals of a universal monarch. There was a juxtaposition of Hindu/Muslim

traditions in formulation of Mughal ideology to legitimize their rule. Akbar’s contribution to the establishment of Mughal authority on religious tolerance was based on the principles of sul-i-kul or “absolute peace”. As a divinely inspired guardian of law and justice, Akbar introduced certain elements, which fostered confidence

INTEGRATON PROCESSES and acceptance of Mughal authority among his subjects. From his childhood he was inquisitive by nature and was interested in learning about other cultures and faiths. In the beginning of his reign, he was a devout Muslim i. e expeditions against the Rajputs were coined as campaigns against the infidels, and his intolerance towards other Muslim sects.

Gradually a shift started appearing in his attitude towards his own faith. Many reasons are given behind the change by historians, but, it all started with his tutors, guardians, close companions, and most importantly, from the outcome of the discussions that took place in his court between the Ulema. Although, he had initiated these talks, but as time went on, he

became more dissatisfied with the legal complications and traditional approach of his clerics. He started inviting experts of other faiths to come for discussion in his capital city, Fatehpur Sikri (1578 onwards). In the meantime he made the leading theologians recognize him as the supreme arbitrator in the religious affairs(1579). The leading theologians signed the document known in history as Mahzar.

The most sweeping change, which had a direct impact on nearly all Hindus, occurred in 1579, when he abolished the jiziya. The termination of this tax implied that the unequal compact between the Muslims and non-Muslims was also abolished. Hence, Akbar’s action was bitterly resented by orthodox Muslims. Akbar also started celebrating Hindu festivals

and customs and openly worshipping sun with sets of rituals of his own inventions. He engaged in abstinence from excessive meat eating, sexual intercourse and alcohol consumption. Akbar also came to enlist selected members of the nobility as his disciples (misconstrued as a religion by some historians).

He married Rajput princesses and inducted large number of non-Muslims in his nobility. Akbar’s successors, more or less, continued his tradition of pluralism and tolerance to other faiths. Usually Aurangzeb had been blamed for undoing the cultural pluralism and always compared to his elder brother, Dara Shikoh, and two have come down in history as ideological

opponents. Dara as liberal, and Aurangzeb as rigid conservative. Dara, was indeed, an intellectual in tradition of Akbar who sought philosophical truths in all religious traditions. But there were other contradictions. It is also a fact, that Dara was a poor leader and a bad general, therefore, not an ideal choice of being the heir of Shahjahan. Whereas

Aurangzeb, was a great general and military commander, a devout Muslim, yet the major focus of Aurangzeb’s reign was warfare against the Muslims (Deccan states of Bijapur, Golconda, etc.). But to blame Aurangzeb for the decline and collapse of the imperial structure will be coming to an easy conclusion/solution.

Aurangzeb shifted but did not alter the fundamental policies of the Mughal empire. He preferred strict Islamic or Sharia application in administrative matters. No doubt, he ordered the destruction of the temples in Banaras, Mathura and Rajasthan, but it was less to do with religiosity than the presumed disloyalty of nobles associated withthese sites. His accusation against he tenth Sikh guru was also, politically motivated since the guru had openly supported his opponent, Dara.

DEFINING MUGHAL CULTURE
In Indian languages adjectives derived from the word Mughal connote the ultimate in luxury and display, it also came to be associated with grandeur and extravagance on a large scale. Mughals came to be known for their lavish life styles. Few examples: Akbar only drank water from river Ganges and wherever, he went the water was delivered to him fresh.

THE MUGHAL CULTURE… The imperial kitchens prepared 1000 dishes a day and the imperial tents could accommodate 1500 people. Shahjahan was able to immortalize Mughal grandeur in monumental buildings like the Taj Mahal, new capital city in Delhi, large scale renovations in Agra and Lahore and luxurious court adorned with a peacock throne (made in

THE MUGHAL CULTURE… ten million rupees). Shahjahan spent more than 28 million on his buildings. Despite the large investments on war and imperial structures, Shahjahan was able to amass wealth worth ninety one million rupees (half in cash and half in jewels, gold and silver).

HUMAYUN’S TOMB, DELHI

THE TAJ MAHAL

ANOTHER VIEW OF TAJ

DIWAN-I-KHAS, DELHI

LAL QILA, DELHI

FATEHPUR SIKRI

SHALIMAR BAGH, KASHMIR

MUGHAL PAINTINGS

MUGHAL ART

MUGHAL JEWELLRY

Mughal Empire Place of Akbar in Mughal History Contribution of Akbar: Expansion of the Mughal Empire Rajput Policy Religious Policy Mughal Court of Akbar Culture, Education, Art, Music etc

Akbar the Great ruling India 1556 – 1605 With wisdom & tolerance

quickly consolidated power
centralized the administration dispensed with ambitious Ministers dealt swiftly with dissident commanders encouraged marriages between Hindus & Muslims. married Hindu princess (first of thirty-three wives) her relatives became loyal lieutenants and were treated as nobles.

The Emperor Akbar had great reverence for the House of Guru Nanak
The Emperor Akbar had great reverence for the House of Guru Nanak. He honoured saints of all religions and paid his homage while touring his empire. Guru AmarDas Ji’s fame had also reached his ears and Akbar went to visit Guru Ji in Gowindwal in He got off his horse and walked a distance in reverence for the Guru. Seeing the spiritual and non-sectarian atmosphere of Guru Sahib Ji’s sanctuary, Akbar was greatly impressed. On being informed that no one, high or low could gain an audience with the Guru without first partaking food in the langar , Akbar welcomed the idea and sitting in a row with all other common folk he ate langar. Akbar was profoundly impressed by this unique institution where all men, irrespective of caste or religion sat on one level and ate food. l

Akbar invented “Divine Faith”:
Offended some Muslims, who attempted a revolt When Akbar died, so did the “Divine Faith”, though several religions today blend ideas from all faiths.

Akbar’s bureaucracy: Position based on merit chief finance minister created a graduated income tax (not adopted by U.S. until 20th century) taxes were fair & affordable more people paid more money was raised

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