1. The United States Declares War Angela Brown Chapter 10 Section 2 1

2. German Submarine Warfare German U-boats – short for unterseeboot or submarine Passenger and merchant ships had no defense. Subs could go undetected nearly anywhere in the ocean. This struck many Americans as uncivilized. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/ images/pho/0005c/0005c03d.jpg 2

3. British cut the transatlantic cable connecting Germany and the U.S.. Result all news came through London = pro-Allied bias German U-boats sank British passenger liner, Lusitania. 1200 passengers, 128 Americans and weapons Passengers had been warned to stay off British ships. http://www.wreckhunter.net/images/lusitania-nyt2.JPG 3

4. http://www.jaganaud.de/sunkensteamers/images/lus_5.jpg 4

5. Wilson urged patience from Americans, demanded Germany stop submarine warfare and make payments to the victims families. Germany replied ship carried arms. After second note from Wilson, Germany agreed to stop sinking passenger ships without warning as long as crew offered no resistance to German search or seizure. 5

6. 1916 – U-boat sank the Sussex a French passenger steamship. The U.S. threatened to cut diplomatic ties. Sussex pledge – German government again promised that U-boats would warn ships before attacking. Germany’s broken promises frustrated Wilson who now embraced preparedness and authorized U.S. bankers to grant a huge loan to allies. 6

7. Moving Toward War 1917 Germany resumed unrestricted warfare. Germany thought they could defeat Great Britain before U.S. could make a difference. Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with Germany and ask Congress for permission to arm U.S. merchant ships. 7

8. The Zimmerman Note Anti-war senator’s attempted filibuster to prevent action. Filibuster – senators take floor and refuse to stop talking to prevent a vote on a measure British revealed contents of secret telegram from Arthur Zimmermann, Germany’s foreign minister, to Mexico. http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann http://www.ulm.ccc.de/old/chaos-seminar/ krypto2/zimmermann-telegramm.jpg 8

9. Promised Mexico Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona for alliance. Mexico and Wilson did not take it seriously but it influenced public relations. 9

10. Revolution in Russia 1917 Russia many casualties, malnutrition, miserably equipped, Austria/German forces deep in interior. Czar Nicholas II, autocratic leader, forced out of power. Monarchy replaced with republican government. http://www.geektimes.com/michael/site/archive/ 2003/05/images/czar-nicholas-ii-family.jpg 10

11. Russian revolution elated pro-war faction. Americans did not want to be allied to a Czar. U.S. free to commit to allies. 11

12. The War Resolution 1917 Germany sank U.S. ships City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilancia. Wilson’s cabinet voted unanimously for war. War resolution passed 82-6 in senate. 373-50 in house April 6, 1917 signed by President Wilson. 12

13. Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Rankin, Montana, first woman elected to Congress 1916. (1880-1973) Voted : “ I want to stand by my country, but I cannot vote for war. I vote no.” Veteran House Member urged her to vote for war. She was represent the womanhood of the country. http://www.peaceisawomansjob.com/images/jeannette_small_01.jpg 13