1. Climate and Biodiversity Chapter 5

2. Importance of Mountains – Islands of Biodiversity Rapid change as elevation changes –Many different biomes, high diversity Contain majority of the world’s forests –High diversity, endemics, refuge Regulate climate –Snow tops reflect radiation Key in the hydrological cycle –STOREHOUSES OF WATER

3. Ecological Role of Mountains Fig. 5-17, p. 90

4. Watersheds Rivers begin in mountains or at higher elevation Surface water becomes runoff into streams Watersheds or drainage basins deliver runoff, sediment, and dissolved substances to streams Streams join to form rivers

5. Three Zones in the Downhill Flow of Water Source zone –Mtn headwater streams flow swiftly down steep slopes and cut a deep V-shaped valley. Rapids and waterfalls are common Transition zone –Low-elevation streams merge and flow down gentler slopes. The valley broadens and the river begins to meander Floodplain zone –At an even lower elevation a river wanders and meanders slowly across a broad nearly flat valley. At its mouth, it may divide into may separate channels as it flows across a delta built up of river borne sediments and into the sea.

6. Rain and snow Lake Rapids Glacier Waterfall Source Zone Flood plain Tributary Transition Zone Deposited sediment Oxbow lake Floodplain Zone Salt marsh Water Sediment Delta Ocean Fig. 5-31, p. 102 Stepped Art Three Zones of a Watershed

7. Watersheds Nutrients in the water –Come from surrounding ecosystems Leaves Feces Insects Surface water runoff brings biomass

9. Freshwater Wetlands Inland wetlands –Marshes –Swamps –Prairie potholes –Floodplains –Arctic tundra

10. Freshwater Wetlands Ecological services –Extremely productive (shelter and food for many, including fish) –High species diversity –Increased nutrient cycling –Absorb runoff to decrease flooding and then release water slowly (groundwater recharge) –Large filters of pollutants and sediments (like a sponge) – water purification, erosion control –Protection from storm surge

11. Freshwater Wetlands Economic services –Recreation (boating, birding, wildlife viewing, walking, fishing) –Fisheries –Trapping and hunting –Commercial harvest (nuts, berries, cranberries, grains, fish, peat, forestry) –Medicine

12. Human Impacts on Freshwater Systems Dams and canals fragment 40% of world’s largest rivers –Decrease flow of sediments Flood control levees alter rivers –Increase speed, cut away sediments Cities and farmlands add pollutants –Overload filter Many wetlands drained or filled –Increased flooding and erosion, decreased storm protection

13. Coastal Wetlands – Ecological Services Provide the same services as freshwater wetlands COASTAL DUNES – –Protection from erosion, high tides and storm surge –Dune grass and plant roots hold sand in place

14. Nesting for endangered & threatened species –Piping plover, Loggerhead sea turtles Development should occur beyond second dunes –Economic value often outweighs ecologic

15. Animation: Lake Turnover Animations/turnover.html EL NINO