1. Review for test 1 2002

2. Biologic substrates compare the aphasias, aprosodias, agnosias, and apraxias. describe the frontal lobe syndromes. describe the Wernicke-Geschwind model of functional cortical anatomy. compare the information processing by the left and right hemispheres and role of corpus callosum describe the parietal lobe (Gerstmann’s) and temporal lobe findings (Kluver –Bucy)

3. Subcortical describe the three functions of the hypothalamus describe major components of the limbic system describe the role of peptide neurotransmitters on behavior describe the neuroendocrine influences on behavior describe the common neuroendocrine tests used in studying abnormal behavior compare and contrast the effects of irritative and destructive lesions on the ventromedial, lateral, anterior and posterior hypothalamus. to describe the major components of the reward and reinforcement system as described in the syllabus.

4. Synaptic Biology Role of calcium in NT release Ligand gated channels vs transmembrane NMDA and magnesium Regulation of peptides vs small molecular weight NT Second messenger systems

5. Neurotransmitter systems categories of neurotransmitters and their synthetic pathways monoamine and amino acid NT metabolism, metabolic products anatomic projections of the monoamine nuclie Marker enzymes and locations Effects on prolactin

6. Sleep Rhythms vocabulary EEG markers for sleep stages (esp stage 2) and sleep architecture Pacemaker Melatonin and light REM and the brainstem nulcie, PPN and LC

7. Memory Procedural vs declarative Verbal vs visual Anterograde vs retrograde Anatomic relationships Converging vs reverberating circuits Kandel and memory (aplysia)

8. Stress Acute and chronic markers DST Effect of cortisol on insulin response

9. Animal models Geller Depression models Psychosis models Aplysia Validity Kindling and relation to seizures Effects of antidepressant treatments

10. Genetics Endophenotypic expression PKU, HD, trisomy 21, LN syndrome Adoption study methods

11. Neurobiology of aging Effect of normal aging on major neurotransmitter systems and receptors

12. Development Motor and developmental milestones Piaget Markers for specific periods Erikson-struggles Temperament Adolescent turmoil, dysfunction

13. Family Domestic violence stats Reportability of domestic violence / abuse Divorce

14. Adult development Struggles Divorce Sexuality in elderly

15. Learning Classical vs operant Fixed and variable reinforcement Premack’s principle and extinction Positive and negative reinforcement Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

16. Medical sociology Describe the basis for cultural and social influences on health and disease Define culture, society, enculturation, cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, cultural competency, world view. What are common cultural symbols. What is the importance of subcultural variations for the physician?

17. Medical sociology Give an example of the three basic types of health beliefs / systems Western, magical, supernatural? What is curanderismo? Describe the Melbourne Cancer study, Duke-piedmont study, isreali study of Kibbutz Describe Whitigo, koro, kuru, latah, piblokto, amok, and mal de ojo / susto What is the best predictor for poor health? What effects life expectancy the most? What effect does SES have on breast cancer, iatrogenic illness?

18. Medical economics What is meant by price elasticity? Describe the RAND study. What is the moral hazard for physicians? …Patients? Describe market distortions and how they influence the free market? How did ERISA distort the medical market? What is meant by insurance ratings? What is HCFA? What do they do? What are DRGs? What percentage of our GDP is spent on health care? How many people do not have insurance at last count?

19. Medical economics Which country spends the greatest percentage of GDP on healthcare? Which spends the least? Which country has the longest life expectancy? Which has the shortest? Which country has the greatest infant mortality rates? Which has the least? What is the trend in spending for health care in the US? What happens to healthcare expenditures when the number of providers goes up in a community?