1. The Respiratory System

3. LUNG CAKE

4. Functions of the Respiratory System
Obtain O2 from environment
Expel CO2 into the environment
Filter foreign particle out of incoming air
Regulates H2O content and temperature of incoming air
Creates vocal sounds
Contributes to sense of smell
Helps regulate blood pH

5. Steps for Respiration 1) Breathing or ventilation
Moving air in and out of lungs
2) External respiration
Exchange of gases between lungs and blood vessels
3) Transport of gases to cells
4) Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between blood vessels and cells
5) Cellular respiration
Using O2 in metabolic processes to create energy

7. Divisions of Respiratory Tract
Upper respiratory tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Lower respiratory tract
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tree
Lungs

9. Nose Bone and cartilage Nostrils Nose hairs Support structure
Openings for entry of air
Nose hairs
Guard entrance and protect against particles

11. Nasal Cavity Hollow space behind nose Nasal septum Nasal conchae
Bone and cartilage structure dividing cavity into 2 sides
Nasal conchae
Projections from nasal cavity wall; increase surface area
Lining of nasal cavity
Pseudostratified epithelial cells with mucous-secreting goblet cells
Particles are trapped and moved out and air is warmed and moistened

12. The NOSE bones and cartilage support nose, two openings (nostrils), hair filters large particles
Nasal Cavity – hollow space behind the nose  Nasal septum – divides the nose (bone)

13. Nasal conchae – bones that divide the nasal cavity, support the mucus membrane and increase surface area (superior, middle, inferior)
      * deviated septum – when the septum bends to one side

14. Function of the conchae - increase surface area
Mucus Membrane - warms and moistens air, also traps particles (dust)
    *particles go to          stomach
Nasal Conchae

15. Paranasal Sinuses Air-filled sacs within skull bones
Reduce the weight of the skull
Affect sound of the voice

16. Paranasal Sinuses - – spaces within the bones
maxillary
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
 reduce the weight of skull and are resonant chambers for voice.

19. Pharynx Shared with digestive system Divisions: Openings: Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larygopharynx
Otherwise known as
hypopharynx
Openings:
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Esophagus
Trachea

20. The three pharyngeal regions
Pharynx – behind the oral cavity, between the nasal cavity and larynx (space, not a structure)

23. Larynx Enlargement at beginning of trachea
Framework of muscle and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
Largest cartilages:
Thyroid (Adam’s apple)
Cricoid
Epiglottic

25. Vocal Cords Housed in larynx False vocal cords True vocal cords
Fold of tissue that helps to close passageway when swallowing
True vocal cords
Vibrate when air is forced through causing sound
Tension of chords helps regulate pitch
Force of air helps regulate volume of sound

26. Larynx – enlargement at the top of the trachea and below pharynx, conducts air in and out of trachea, houses vocal cords             
- composed of a framework of muscles and cartilages (thyroid (Adam’s apple), cricoids, epiglottic cartilages)

27. Glottis Triangular opening between vocal cords When swallowing:
False vocal cords close glottis
Larynx raises and presses epiglottis against opening

28. Glottis
- false vocal folds  (do not produce sound) – help close airway during swallowing          
- true vocal folds (produce sound) – changing shape of the pharynx, and oral cavity changes sounds into words         
  - contracting and relaxing muscles changes pitch (increased tension = higher pitch)

29.
Steven Tyler's Vocal Cords

31. Glottis – triangular slit that opens during breathing/talking, and closes during swallowing 
Epiglottis – flaplike structure that stands upright, allows air to enter larynx, during swallowing it presses downward and prevents food from entering air passages

32. LARYNGITIS
When the mucus membrane becomes swollen and prevents the vocal cords from vibrating freely.
Trachea (windpipe), flexible cylinder with cartilage to give it stiffness and keep it from collapsing
   Trachea leads to the BRONCHIAL TREE

33. Trachea Also called windpipe Descends anterior to esophagus
Lining of trachea:
Pseudostratified epithelial cells with mucous-secreting goblet cells
Enclosed with C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent tube from collapsing

34. Bronchial Tree
Branching tubes connecting trachea to site of gas exchange in lungs
Right and left primary bronchi  Secondary bronchi  Tertiary bronchi  Bronchioles  Terminal bronchioles  Respiratory bronchioles  Alveolar ducts  Alveolar sacs  Alveoli
Amount of cartilage decreases through tract
Amount of smooth muscle in the walls increases through tract

35. Primary bronchii --> bronchioles --> alveolar ducts -->  sacs                                                                         -->  alveoli
                                                                      *gas exchange

37. Alveoli Terminal sacs at the end of the tract
Surrounded by network of blood capillaries
Site of gas exchange
Respiratory membrane:
Simple squamous epithelium in alveoli and blood capillary
Basement membrane fuses the two (alveoli and capillary) together

38. Alveoli & Lungs

39. ALVEOLI

41. $20,000 PYRAMID! Alveoli Larynx Trachae GET READY!!!!
A word/phrase will be posted – person A (who is facing the board) must attempt to explain the word (without saying it!) while Person B (who is NOT facing board) will guess what the word is.
NO DRAWING!
If your partner gets them all right – with NO CHEATING – raise your hands!
GET READY!!!!
Alveoli
Larynx
Trachae

42. Quick Quiz
1.  What do you call the bones found within the nasal cavity?
2.  What specific bone divides the nasal cavity into two sides?
3.   The space at the back of the mouth is the________.
4.  The spaces within the bones of the skull are called the ______________________
5. What structure is known as the windpipe? ______
6.  What is the triangular slit that opens during breathing and talking?
7. In what structures does gas exchange occur?
8. During swallowing, this flap closes to prevent food from entering the airway: ______________________

43. Lungs Located in thoracic cavity:
Mediastinum between
Thoracic cage surrounds
Diaphragm below
Suspended by bronchi and blood vessels
Cover by visceral pleura which folds back to become parietal pleura
Potential space between is pleural cavity
Small layer of serous fluid between
Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes

44. LUNGS - spongy tissue that sit within the pleural cavity

45. Right Lung          = 3 lobes
Left Lung           = 2 lobes
Serous fluid lubricates lungs during breathing

47. As the diaphragm and other muscles relax, ELASTIC RECOIL from surface tension forces air out.  
Muscles can force extra air out or in
EXHALATION

48. Inspiration At rest, pressure of air and thoracic cavity are the same;
NO net movement of air
Pressure must be decreased in thoracic cavity for air to move in
Diaphragm is contracted (lowered) and external (inspiratory) intercostal muscles contract as well
Contractions increase cavity volume which decreases pressure

49. Inspiration (cont)
Muscle movements pull on the pleural membranes to expand the lung
Surface tension
Difficulty in expanding alveoli because the walls tend to stick together
Surfactant helps combat surface tension
Deeper breaths can be taken by contracting muscle more forcefully or by involving other muscles

50. Expiration Normally passive process Contracting muscles relax
Elastic recoil and surface tension cause tissue to return to previous state before inspiration
Pressure increases in cavity and forces air out of lungs

51. Expiration (cont) More air can be expelled if: Respiration animation
Internal (expiratory) intercostal muscle contract  Pushes rib cage in (raising thoracic pressure even more)
Abdominal muscles contract  raising abdominal pressure  pushing diaphragm higher  raising thoracic pressure even more
Respiration animation

52. Respiratory Air Volumes
Spirometry - measures the amount (volume) of air moving in and out of the lungs
Respiratory Cycle - 1 inspiration and 1 expiration

54. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 760 Hg
Pressure is necessary for breathing, which is why it is difficult to breathe in high altitudes and also why a punctured lung can be dangerous.
A hole in the pleural cavity can cause the lung to collapse or deflate
Pneumothorax = collapsed lung:  See Video

56. Also check out this procedure where  fluid is drained from the lungs - not for those with a weak stomach!

57. Labeling Practice
1) By YOURSELF – using no notes, text – label the respiratory system diagram
1 minute time – GO!
2) Switch with someone at your desk
3) Grade the diagram – you may use notes, text
1 minute – GO!
4) Take a look at diagram key – make any changes!
If you like, you can use this slide as a template for your own voting slides. You might use a slide like this if you feel your audience would benefit from the picture showing a text message on a phone.

58. Image adapted from http://www.arthursclipart.org/

60. Resting Tidal Volume  -  amount of air that enters the lungs during one cycle
*take a normal breath
Reserve volumes - air that can be forced out or in
*inhale normally, pause, and try to inhale more - that is your reserve inspiratory volume
*exhale, then exhale a little more

61. VITAL CAPACITY = Insp reserve + Exp reserve + Tidal Volume
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY = Tidal Volume + Insp Reserve Volume
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL  CAPACITY  is the volume of air that remains in the lungs at rest
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY varies by sex, age, body size, athletics

62. Air Volumes Four Respiratory Volumes 1) Tidal Volume
Amount of air moved during one respiratory cycle (resting tidal volume about 500ml)
2) Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled over tidal volume (about 3,000ml)
3) Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled over tidal volume (about 1,100ml)
4) Residual volume
Amount of air left in lungs after the most forceful expiration (about 1,200ml)

64. Air Capacities Four respiratory capacities: 1) Vital Capacity
Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after deepest breath (about 4,600ml)
2) Inspiratory capacity
Amount of air that can be inspired after a resting expiration (about 3,500ml)
3) Functional residual capacity
Volume of air in lungs after resting expiration (about 2,300ml)
4) Total lung capacity
Total amount of air that lung can hold (about 5,800ml)

66. Air Volumes and Capacities (cont)
Some volumes and capacities can change with age, sex, body size, and health
Anatomical dead space:
Air that fills passageways to alveoli;
No gas exchange occurs
About 150ml

67. Lab- Measuring Lung Capacity

68. (based in the medulla and the pons)
Breathing is involuntary, but muscles are under voluntary control
Respiratory Center – groups of neurons in the brain that control inspiration and expiration
(based in the medulla and the pons)

69. Factors Affecting Breathing
*Chemosensitive areas – detect concentrations of chemicals like carbon dioxide and hydrogen
1. Rise in CO2 2. Low blood oxygen (peripheral chemoreceptors, carotid and aortic bodies, sense changes) 3. Inflation reflex – regulates the depth of breathing, prevents overinflation of the lungs 4. Emotional upset, fear and pain

70. Hyperventilation - increase breathing, lower CO2 concentration
Breathing into a bag can restore CO2 concentrations

71. Control of Breathing
Respiratory center of brainstem controls both inspiration and expiration
Medullary rhythmicity area
Dorsal respiratory group- emit bursts that cause muscles of inspiration to contract; impulse starts slow and builds; no impulse during expiration
Ventral respiratory group - impulse increase inspiratory movements and forceful expiratory movements needed during deeper breathing
Pneumotaxic area of pons
Controls dorsal respiratory group by inhibiting impulses; as inhibition increases breathing rate increases

72. Factors Affecting Breathing
Chemosensitive area within respiratory center
Senses changes to CO2 and H+ levels;
Increase breathing rate and tidal volume if high
Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies
Sense changes in O2 levels;
Increase breathing rate if levels are extremely low

74. Factors Affecting Breathing (cont)
Inflation reflex
Stimulates pneumotaxic area to inhibit inspiration if tissues in visceral pleura, bronchioles, or alveoli are being overstretched
Fear and pain
Increase breathing rate
Breathing can be voluntary
Body will override if breath is held to long
Hyperventilation
Lowers levels of CO2 in blood; allows for breath to be held longer before levels raise again; can make O2 levels low enough to cause fainting

75. Diffusion at the Respiratory Membrane
Partial pressure of gases determine direction of movement
Air in alveoli
PCO2 = 40 mm Hg
PO2 = 104 mm Hg
Blood entering capillary
PCO2 = 45 mm Hg
PO2 = 40 mm Hg
Blood leaving capillary - same as alveoli
Opposite exchange occurs between the capillaries and tissue

76. Oxygen Transport
Over 98% of O2 attaches to heme group of hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin
Remaining dissolves in blood
Hemoglobin releases O2 when:
PO2 is low
PCO2 is high
pH is acidic
Temperature is higher

78. Carbon Dioxide Transport
About 7% can be transported as CO2 dissolved in the blood
23% is carried by amine group of hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
Releases when PCO2 is low
Remaining is carried as bicarbonate ion

80. Bicarbonate Ion Reaction uses enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, in RBC’s
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-
Formation of bicarbonate ion can create excess H+ and create acidic pH;
H+ is combined with hemoglobin to minimize this effect
Gas Exchange Animation

81. Respiratory Disorders
Emphysema
Progressive, degenerative disease
Destroys alveolar walls
Results in air sacs merge to form larger chambers (decreases surface area  reduces volume of gases that can be exchanged)
Person has trouble breathing
Causes:
Exposure to respiratory irritants (tobacco smoke, polluted air)
Inherited enzyme deficiency
Emphysema TV ad

83. Respiratory Disorders
Lung Cancer
Like all other cancers, uncontrolled division of abnormal cells (rob other cells of their nutrients and gases)
Cancer cells divide often to form tumors
Can block airways and reduce gas exchange
Causes:
Exposure to respiratory irritants (tobacco smoke, polluted air)
Treated with chemotherapy, surgery
Survival rate is low 

85. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a long-lasting obstruction of the airways that occurs with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. This obstruction of airflow is progressive in that it happens over time.

86. SMOKING IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF COPD & EMPHYSEMA

89. Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs
Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs. Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs.

90. Respiratory Membrane – alveoli and blood stream exchange gasses
Gas exchange occurs across a membrane - a layer of simple squamous cells
Oxygen DIFFUSES into the bloodstream
Other substances (like alcohol can diffuse too)

91. Hypoxia is a disease in which there is an overall lack of oxygen content within the body's tissue and vital human organs (specifically the brain).
Hypoxia has several potential causes, including: cardiac arrest, severe head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation, strangulation, and choking, as well as any instance in which oxygen supply is deprived from the body.
Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally.
An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs.

92. ILLNESSES RELATED TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Cystic Fibrosis (genetic) 2. Asthma 3. Bronchitis 4. Apnea 5. Emphysema 6. Lung Cancer 7. Altitude Sickness 8. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 9. Sinusitis 10. Bacterial or Viral Infections (cold, flu, pneumonia)

93. What is sleep apnea? Pause or slowing of breathing during sleep
Video on Sleep Apnea

94. Lung Cancer
Lung cancer starts when abnormal cells grow out of control in the lungs. Lung cancer and smoking often, but not always, go hand in hand. There usually are no signs or early symptoms of lung cancer. As lung cancer stages advance, lung cancer symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and bloody mucus. Treatment for lung cancer can include surgery, chemotherapy, and /or radiation.

95. ALTITUDE SICKNESS
Acute mountain sickness is brought on by the combination of reduced air pressure and lower oxygen concentration that occur at high altitudes. Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening, and can affect the nervous system, lungs, muscles, and heart.
Pulmonary edema is an abnormal build up of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, which leads to shortness of breath

96. NON RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS
Coughing, sneezing, laughing, crying
Hiccup - spasm of the diaphragm
Yawn - possibly causes by low oxygen levels

97. Respiratory Fun sounds!
Cough:
Take a deep breath, closes glottis, forces air upward from lungs against closed glottis  glottis opens suddenly, blast of air forced upward
Sneeze:
Like a cough
Clears upper respiratory passages rather than lower ones
Initiated by mild irritation in nasal cavity

98. Respiratory Fun sounds!
Hiccup:
Caused by sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of a diaphragm
Air strikes vocal folds causing hiccup sound
Yawning:
Aid respiration by providing an occasional deep breath