1. Ch 21 – The Civil Rights Movement
Demands for Civil Rights
Leaders and Strategies
The Struggle Intensifies
The Political Response
The Movement Takes a New Turn

2. Demands for Civil Rights
1947 – Branch Rickey chose to break the color line in Major League Baseball by bringing Jackie Robinson up to the big leagues. Despite facing horrible discrimination, bigotry and hatred, Robinson played great (Rookie of the Year) and led with dignity. Robinson fostered pride in other African Americans. This encouraged others to take a stand
The Rise of African American Influence
Before, during and after WW2, African Americans NOT treated as equals in the US
Migration after Civil War and WW1
Massive move into cities in the north
The New Deal
Politicians courted African American votes
Rise of the NAACP
After Plessey v. Ferguson
Used the system to try to change the system
“Legal Defense Fund” – Thurgood Marshall
Took many schools, businesses, etc to court for equal rights

3. Demands for Civil Rights
Brown v. Board of Education
1951 – Linda Brown sued for the right to go to the closer, better white school in Topeka, Kansas
Thurgood Marshall argued before the Supreme Court 9-0
Separate was INHERENTLY UNEQUAL
Reaction to Brown v. Board of Education
Mixed reaction to ruling
Most hoped, even if they did not agree, that the ruling would peacefully settle the issue
Many in the SOUTH resisted, vocally and violently
State governors announced they would not “mix races”
KuKluxKlan grew in strength
Many believed the Supreme Court had overstepped its bounds and interfered in a “States’ Rights” issue
Most southern states refused to enforce the rulings

4. Demands for Civil rights
The Montgomery Bus Boycott – 1955
Rosa Parks sparked the 1st major Civil Rights demonstration
Took a seat reserved for “Whites Only”, refused to move
Arrested and ordered to stand trial
This set off a city wide demonstration against the bus co.
A new pastor, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, led the boycott
Supreme Court ruled segregation on buses illegal
381 days later, the bus company gave in to demands
A new generation of Civil Rights protesters was born
Resistance in Little Rock
Despite the SC ruling, Gov. Faubus of Ark. refused to integrate stating he did not believe he could keep order
Faubus posted national guards at school to deny African American students access to white schools
Eisenhower sent federal soldiers to protect/escort the students
(saw as a direct challenge to the Constitution)

5. DEMANDS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
Other Voices of Protest
LULAC – League of United Latin American Citizens
Funeral home refused to bury veteran of WW2 Felix Longoria – LULAC protested, got him buried in Arlington National Cemetery with honors
Schools in California were denying access to Latino students – LULAC protested and got rules changed
Native Americans
Plan to eliminate reservations met with resistance
BIA mismanaged terribly
Small gains, still many problems

7. Leaders and strategies
Laying the Groundwork
Early on, no central organizing group
NAACP (National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People)
1909 – An interracial group focused on challenging the laws that prevented African Americans from exercising their full rights as citizens
Worked to overturn “Jim Crow” laws & on anti-lynching laws
Was successful in many suits against states, but had minimal success on the federal level until Brown v. Board of Education
National Urban League
Helped African Americans move out of the South and into cities
They helped find jobs, apartments, etc
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)
Determined to bring change through peaceful confrontation
Played a major role in the Civil Rights Movement (Freedom Riders)

8. Leaders and strategies
Philosophy of Non-violence
Dr Martin Luther King Jr (quick bio)
Followed the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi
Asked all to resist using violence out of hate or fear
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
Organized protests throughout the South
Non-violent protests used as a peaceful way of protesting against restrictive racial policies
Will concentrate mostly in the South
A New Voice for Students
SCLC leaders protected the young by keeping them out of protests
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) created to give students a more upfront role in the movement
Shifted movement away from churches and gave young activists a voice in policies and tactics

10. The Struggle Intensifies
Sit Ins Challenge Segregation (CORE)
If refused service, they would just sit there
Owners had to decide between not serving and losing business or serving them and breaking their own rules
Protesters would be arrested and taken to jail “Badge of Honor”
“Fill the Jails” used

11. Freedom Riders Freedom Rides (CORE & SNCC)
To test if Southern states would obey the SC rulings and to allow African Americans to exercise their new rights
Violence got worse the further south they got
In Alabama, the bus was met by angry mobs
Blocked, slashed the tires, firebombed, beaten
National reaction to violence – people horrified at pictures
Violence intensified as they continued on (“can’t let them stop us”)
AG Kennedy sent federal marshals, sued if they did not comply

12. The struggle intensifies
Integration of “Ole Miss”
James Meredith applied to go to grad school at Ole Miss
When denied, with help from NAACP, he sued to go
SC ruled in favor of Meredith, Kennedy sent fed. marshals
Violence erupted on campus (2 will die)
Marshals will continue to escort Meredith. He will be the first African American graduate from Old Miss
Clash in Birmingham
Dr. King invited to visit “the most segregated city I America”
Protests planned
City Police Chief “Bull” Connor vowed to stop King
King & protestors violated city rules and were arrested
While others let go, King kept in jail. Wrote letters in response to ???”s
After King was released, he decided (with difficulty) to allow children to participate in the protests
Connor arrested 900+ children, dogs & fire hoses used to break up the protests
In the end, the protestors won (public opinion, city facilities desegregated, an interracial committee set up to aid communications)

13. The political response
Kennedy on Civil Rights
Bold rhetoric when running for president
As President, he moved slowly, trying not to anger the southern block
As protests & violence began to spread, Kennedy had to take a stand
Kennedy; modest civil rights bills, but they never came up for vote
The March on Washington
To call attention to legislation, King planned march in Washington
Kennedy invited to speak, but as numbers grew, fear was that the crowd (for and against) could not be controlled
Many African American leaders spoke, then King stepped up to speak
King’s words echoed across the country
Still the Civil Rights legislation stalled in Congress

15. The political response
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Johnson’s Role (now president after Kennedy assassination
Senate “FILIBUSTER” used; cloture used to end
Used his political skills to get the bill passed
Provisions of the Act
Title I – banned different voter registration requirements
Title II – prohibited discrimination in public facilities
Title VI – blocked federal funding for those who discriminate
Title VII – banned discrimination in hiring, created EEOC
Fighting for the Vote
Freedom Summer – 1964 – Voter Registration push in Miss.
KKK held rallies to block
3 Civil Rights workers from NYC killed; FBI will find their bodies 3 months later
80 mob attacks, arrested, churches and homes firebombed

16. The political response
The Selma March
In Selma, people were arrested for standing in line to register to vote
King chose to march to Selma from across the state to call attention to the injustice
Police and mobs attacked the peaceful marchers with TV cameras rolling; it horrified the rest of the country
Voting Rights Act of 1965
In reaction to Selma, Congress passed this act
Federal officials could monitor
It eliminated literacy tests and poll taxes
Within a year, 400,000+ had registered to vote
Legal Landmarks
24th Amendment: Outlawed poll taxes
More needed to be done

17. The movement takes a new turn
Malcolm X and Black Nationalism
Background:
Troubled Youth
Father killed by KKK, Mother went insane
Dropped out of school
Poor Choices
Drugs drove him to life of crime
Prison for stealing
His Teachings:
Nation of Islam
White people are the enemy (devils on earth)
Must press/take rights, they won’t be given
“Ah Ha” Moment at Mecca
Saw Islam not a “black” religion, white people believed too
Assassination
Killed by members of the Nation of Islam
Legacy

18. The movement takes a new turn
The Black Panther Party
After assassination of Malcolm X, young angry black men had no leader to follow
SNCC changes directions (leader S. Carmichael tired of being beaten and jailed)
“Black Power” becomes the motto
Teachings: Rights would have to be taken, by force if necessary
10 Point Program
Riots in the Streets
DeJure v. DeFacto Segregation
Ghetto’s were festering with anger, unemployment, lack of hope
Police viewed as the enemy (occupying army)
Watt, CA “Watts Riots” DUI pullover sparked outpouring of pent up anger ’s fill the streets, buildings burned, 34 died before National Guard and police regain control

19. Black Panthers 10 point Program
WE WANT FREEDOM. WE WANT POWER TO DETERMINE THE DESTINY OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.
WE WANT FULL EMPLOYMENT FOR OUR PEOPLE.
WE WANT AN END TO THE ROBBERY BY THE CAPITALISTS OF OUR BLACK AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.
WE WANT DECENT HOUSING, FIT FOR THE SHELTER OF HUMAN BEINGS.
WE WANT DECENT EDUCATION FOR OUR PEOPLE THAT EXPOSES THE TRUE NATURE OF THIS DECADENT AMERICAN SOCIETY. WE WANT EDUCATION THAT TEACHES US OUR TRUE HISTORY AND OUR ROLE IN THE PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY.
WE WANT COMPLETELY FREE HEALTH CARE FOR All BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE.
WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO POLICE BRUTALITY AND MURDER OF BLACK PEOPLE, OTHER PEOPLE OF COLOR, All OPPRESSED PEOPLE INSIDE THE UNITED STATES.
WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO ALL WARS OF AGGRESSION.
WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK AND OPPRESSED PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U. S. FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS. WE WANT TRIALS BY A JURY OF PEERS FOR All PERSONS CHARGED WITH SO-CALLED CRIMES UNDER THE LAWS OF THIS COUNTRY.
WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING, EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE, PEACE AND PEOPLE'S COMMUNITY CONTROL OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY.

20. The movement takes a new turn
Tragedy Strikes in 1968
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr
Movement changed to “Poor Persons”
Memphis Strike brings MLK jr
Assassination sparks nationwide riots
Assassination of Robert “Bobby” Kennedy
Running for President supporting Civil Rights and end of the war in Vietnam
Criticized LBJ for funding war not people in need in US
Killed after winning CA primary
Hope for a leader who could heal nation’s wounds died too

21. Legacy of the Civil Rights movement
Legacy of the Movement
Slowly, progress being made, but it was too slow for many
The power to vote will change the political landscape and the US
b/t 1970 and 1975, the number of AA elected officials rose by 88%
Government power used to enforce rights not limit them
Other groups follow the lead
Women (CRA of 1964)
National Organization of Women
Native Americans (Indian CRA of 1968)
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Disabled Americans (Americans with
Disabilities Act of 1990)
People of Color (CRA of 1964)
etc

22. Newspaper article example
Who: President Obama
What: 1st African Amerian Elected President
Where: Washington DC/America
When: November 4, 2008
Why: America believed he was the best person to lead our country in the coming years.
On November 4, 2008, something happened in this country that had never happened before. America elected an African American president. He defeated John McCain not because he is African American, but because the people of America believed he was the best person to lead our country in the coming years. American finally saw beyond the race of the candidate.

23. Essay: Chapter 21
Compare and contrast the 3 major leaders/groups of the Civil Rights Movement.
a. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr
b. Malcolm X
c. The Black Panther Party
Explain how the following kept the Civil Rights Movement non-violent
* Passive Resistance
* Civil Disobedience

24. Ch 21 “Need to Knows” Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KN
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr & Rosa Parks
Little Rock Nine
Other Voices of Protest
NAACP, National Urban League, CORE, SNCC
Sit-Ins & Freedom Rides
Passive Resistance & Civil Disobedience
Malcolm X & the Black Panther Party
Major Legislation
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
24th Amendment
Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Other groups follow