1. Facoltà di Economia CdL Economia e Management Turismo Lingua Inglese per il Turismo SARDINIA TOURIST GUIDES Luisanna Fodde Facoltà di Economia Università di Cagliari

2. L. Fodde TOURIST GUIDES 1. T OURIST GUIDES 2.ORGANIZATION OF TOURIST GUIDES 3.LANGUAGE FEATURES OF TOURIST GUIDES 4.DISCOURSE FEATURES OF TOURIST GUIDE

3. 1. TOURIST GUIDES Early examples of tourist guides DH Lawrence “Sea and Sardinia” Have you ever used a tourist guide? When? How? Before, during or after a trip? L. Fodde & M. Memoli “Mental maps and Language maps: a multidisciplinary approach”.

4. 1. TOURIST GUIDES TOURIST DISCOURSE: Tourist guides, tourist brochures, tourist advertising, tourist website TOURIST GUIDES NOT VERY PERSUASIVE TOTALLY UNIVOCAL – ABSENCE OF IMMEDIATE FEEDBACK NOT AN OFFER …. Why? BECAUSE THE TOURIST HAS ALREADY MADE HIS/HER CHOICE L. Fodde & M. Memoli “Mental maps and Language maps: a multidisciplinary approach”.

5. 1. TOURIST GUIDES HYBRID GENRE They are descriptive; They also show typical features of promotional discourse- e.g. imperative, exhortative, of procedural discourse – e.g. recipes – of signs discourse – e.g.road maps GUIDES ARE COMPANION TO A JOURNEY – HAVE MATERNAL FUNCTION WHAT IS THE TOURIST’S ATTITUDE TOWARD A GUIDE? INTERROGATION AND QUEST AS FOR A DICTIONARY

6. 2. TOURIST GUIDES STRUCTURE The Lonely Planet The Cadogan Guide CARTOGRAPHY: photo, pictures, graphs, color /b&w INTRODUCTION : What are the typical elements of each guide? (Editorial standards) THE GUIDE : Organization of chapters LAST CHAPTERS (extra features) : What do they include? (Cfr. LP 1-5; CG 1-4)

7. 3. TOURIST GUIDES LANGUAGE FEATURES Laudatory dimension Exhortative and conative elements USE OF THE IMPERATIVE “submerge yourself”, “marvel at the ancient building”, “meander through …”, “follow the...”, “lounge around...”, What is the purpose of exhortation and laudation?

8. 3. TOURIST GUIDES DISCOURSE FEATURES Evaluation: taking a stance, expressing our opinion…. The values invested in the evaluation are commonly axiological – ethical, aesthetical, religious. Generally speaking, they confer significance to the evaluated element. WOMEN TRAVELLERS (LP 46-47); CG 203; LP 204 Positive and Negative evaluations (31 CG; LP 83; 203; 204 ) WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF NEGATIVE EVALUATIONS?

9. 3. TOURIST GUIDES DISCOURSE FEATURES WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF NEGATIVE EVALUATIONS? IRONY AND COLLOQUIALISM CG 65; CG 48; CG 58; LP 50-52 Why using irony and colloquialism in tourist descriptions?

10. 3. TOURIST GUIDES DISCOURSE FEATURES TYPE OF TOURIST READERS (LOOK AT THE GUIDES STRUCTURE) Who are the protagonists of the tourist interaction? READER/TOURIST/ TRAVELLER: What are the words used to define them? When do writers and readers coincide? (LP 47; 80; 204; CG 114; CG 80).

11. 3. TOURIST GUIDES DISCOURSE FEATURES THE WRITER’S INVOLVEMENT The Costa Smeralda (CG 232-233; LP 129) How does the writer describe this place for tourist purposes? What is his/her involvement? How is it expressed? Is the reader encouraged to visit it? What are the most interesting expressions used to this purpose?

12. L. Fodde & M. Memoli “Mental maps and Language maps: a multidisciplinary approach” DISCOURSE FEATUERE Guides in Miniature Chaining Strategies: traditional spatial and sequential relations. HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL DIRECTIONS (LP, 219) (CG, 102); (CG, 103) (LP, 223- 231)

13. L. Fodde & M. Memoli “Mental maps and Language maps: a multidisciplinary approach” TOURIST GUIDES Reader-oriented strategies. An imaginary tour of Cagliari. The reader is carried along on an imaginary tour (LP 222)

14. L. Fodde & M. Memoli “Mental maps and Language maps: a multidisciplinary approach” Comparisons, superlatives, quotations Why are they important in international communication? What are comparisons? Who is the compared object? Who is the comparing object? What is the point of using comparisons in tourist discourse? CG 40-44-47; LP 16-146- 29

15. L. Fodde & M. Memoli “Mental maps and Language maps: a multidisciplinary approach” Clichès & quotations IMPORTANT FEATURES IN A CROSS-CULTURAL CONTEXT Definition and examples of cliché in our culture (appellative cliché) CG: 22-38-46-51; LP 15-21-204-173-

16. L. Fodde & M. Memoli “Mental maps and Language maps: a multidisciplinary approach” Clichès & quotations What is a quotation? Why do we use quotations? In writing? In speaking? (CG 28- 29-32-33-46-49-58)

17. L. Fodde & M. Memoli “Mental maps and Language maps: a multidisciplinary approach” ASPECTS OF SARDITA’ What gives Sardinia a unique/single character? Is it the sea, the mountains, the people? Is there an a-priori image of Sardinia? (CG 44-LP 9-10)