1. Proportionate Universality

2. On average, disadvantaged children have poorer outcomes, However, most vulnerable children are in the middle class Socioeconomic Disadvantage Socioeconomic Advantage

3. High Low HELP SES Index = 5 Vulnerable kids Vulnerable children are distributed across neighbourhoods and the SES spectrum

4. High Low HELP SES Index = 5 Vulnerable kids Targeting programs towards low SES leave many vulnerable children without access

5. The Gradient in ECD Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods Advantaged Neighbourhoods High vulnerability Low vulnerability SE S ED I

6. What does it take to reduce inequality? Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods Advantaged Neighbourhoods High vulnerability Low vulnerability SE S ED I

7. Targeted programs? Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods Advantaged Neighbourhoods High vulnerability Low vulnerability SE S ED I Vulnerability may be reduced for targeted groups Majority of vulnerable children receive no benefit

8. Universal programs? Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods Advantaged Neighbourhoods High vulnerability Low vulnerability SE S ED I Potential to steepen the gradient Barriers to access may prevent all from benefiting

9. Infrastructure Barriers Program or service is not available Cost Transportation Time offered Language spoken Fragmentation Lack of Information Relational or Value Based Barriers Conflicting Expectations Social Distance Parental Consciousness Common Barriers

10. PROPORTIONATE UNIVERSALITY Universal access at a scale and intensity that addresses barriers at every level Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods Advantaged Neighbourhoods High vulnerability Low vulnerability SE S ED I Gradient flattened at both ends of the SES spectrum, but proportionate to level of risk