1. APA Style Citation and Documentation JJ Clark, Professional Writing Consultant

2. Agenda General Ideas Basic Formatting Principles of Citation In-Text Citations Reference List Visual Elements and Appendices

3. General Ideas American Psychology Association Developed to standardize scientific writing Concerned with relevant and recent data Focused on dates and titles instead of the author Emphasizes your own words and ideas –Prefers paraphrase to quotation

4. Fields of Study Architecture and Design Business Communication Computer Sciences Economics Linguistics Nursing Philosophy Psychology Political Science Public Administration Sociology

5. Basic Formatting in APA

6. Use 1” margins all around Double-space the entire paper Use a 11 or 12 point serif font for text – Times New Roman or Cambria Use a sans-serif font for figure labels –Arial or Calibri Align all paragraphs to the left –Indent the first line of each paragraph (except the abstract which is not indented.

7. Title Page Running head: includes a shortened title or assignment description –Use in the header of every page –The words R UNNING HEAD will only appear on the title page Center full title of the paper, your name, and your institutional affiliation near top half of page If instructor requests, add class information, instructor’s name, and date centered at bottom

9. Abstract If your paper requires an abstract, this will be the first page after the title page Center A BSTRACT at the top of the page The words R UNNING HEAD do not appear, but the shortened title does Give a brief summation (between 250 and 500 words) of the focus, major research, methods, and findings of your paper The abstract is a single paragraph, double spaced, and begins at the top of the page –Remember, the first line of the abstract is not indented, unlike all other paragraphs

11. First Page Center the full title at top of page, whether you have an abstract or not Do not write I NTRODUCTION unless specifically required by your instructor Begin section headings on this page if appropriate –Refer to the APA Style Guide, 6 th Edition, for the formatting of different heading levels

13. Principles of Citation Using paraphrasing and quotations

14. Paraphrasing Putting someone else’s ideas and words into your own words –Demonstrates your knowledge of the material –Maintains clarity when synthesizing sources (using quotations with numerous sources can get messy and hard to read) –Promotes synthesis between many sources and your own work Most of the cited information in a paper should be paraphrased Page numbers are not required for paraphrasing –Encouraged only for long, complex, or highly specific works

15. Direct Quotations Using the exact words of the author Direct quote only if exact wording is needed as a means of comparison or critique of the primary source –Nightingale (1860) defined nursing over 100 years ago as "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” (p. 17). Nightingale considered a clean, well-ventilated, and quiet environment essential for recovery. Often considered the first nurse theorist, Nightingale raised the status of nursing through education (Jones, 1956). Nurses were no longer untrained housekeepers but people educated in the care of the sick.

16. Block Quotes Put quotations of 40 words or over in block quotes Indent all lines of block quote by one inch Double space all lines in the block quote Provide page number(s) at the end of the citation Do not use quotation marks

17. In-Text Citations Authors and types of sources

18. Paraphrase Cite all works you reference in the paper APA style uses the author-date citation system –Place the name followed by the year at the beginning of the sentence Doe (2007) found that rats cannot vomit. –Place the name and year in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence A recent study of rats found that they cannot vomit (Doe, 2007).

19. Direct Quotations Page numbers are required for each direct quote citation –Use “p.” for a single page Doe (2011) found that “rain water can contain radioactive toxins” (p. 7). Moreover, “rain water can contain radioactive toxins” (Doe, 2007, p. 7). –Use “pp.” for multiple pages (Doe, 2007, pp. 21–22)

20. Citing Two Authors For two authors, cite the last names of both authors each time the source is used –Doe and Koenig (2007) note that modern Western political idealism has its basis in the writings of Immanuel Kant. –Modern Western political idealism has its basis in the writings of Immanuel Kant (Doe & Koenig, 2007).

21. Citing Three to Five Authors Cite the last names of all authors the first time it is used –Doe, Koenig, and Porpora (1998) note that constructivism is becoming a more popular theory in political science. –Constructivism is becoming a more popular theory in political science (Doe, Koenig, & Porpora, 1998) For all citations afterward, use “et al.” –Doe et al. (1998) found that most political scientists prefer synthesizing political theories. –Most political scientists prefer synthesizing political theories (Doe et al., 1998)

22. Citing Six or More Authors Cite only the first author followed by “et al.” for each citation –Mearsheimer et al. (2008) assert that neo- realism as a theoretical paradigm is experiencing a backlash. –Neo-realism as a theoretical paradigm is experiencing a backlash (Mearsheimer et al., 2008).

23. Authors with Multiple Works For authors with multiple works published in the same year you have to begin with your references page citation On the references page, alphabetize the sources based upon the title of the work and assign a lowercase letter for each source Doe (2008a) notes that Egyptian death rituals were highly complex. In the case of Tutankhamen, the boy pharaoh was adorned in a highly ritualized fashion with precious metals and jewelry (Doe, 2008b).

24. Electronic Sources Electronic sources are cited in the same fashion as print sources –Never put a website URL in an in-text citation When using an online source, you will need –Name of the author (person or organization) If an author is not identified, use the name of the article –Year of publication –Section of internet document –Paragraph number

25. Electronic Sources Using the section or paragraph number of an electronic source –Dolce and Gabanna had to change their 2004– 2005 advertising campaign after the “profuse level of complaints from consumers” (Herneckli, 2006, Trends section, para. 3). –Prada was “favored 7/10 over Oakley” (Herneckli, 2005, para. 5).

26. Reference List Citing sources in the References pages

27. Reference List References begin on a new page after the last page of your paper –Include all the research you referenced Arrange alphabetically by author (person or organization) –Use a hanging indent for each entry Do not divide your sources based upon type or category

28. Reference List Author(s) name(s) –Last name first, then first/middle initial –For sources without named authors, use the first letter of the title Publication date in parenthesis Title of the work (d o not use italics or quotation marks) Publication data –Journal titles in italics (but not volume or issue number) –Book titles in italics Include page numbers if did not reference entire book Include publication location and publisher.

29. Basic Print Sources Journal article Doe, J. (2001). Realism: An examination of its efficacy. Journal of International Relations, 82(5), 19–27. Journal article from author with multiple publications Doe, J. (2008a). Egyptian death rituals. Journal of Egyptian History, 9(2), 90–123. Book Doe, J. (2001). Egyptian death rituals and their historical significance. Cairo: National Publishing.

30. Basic Electronic Sources Whole website National Kleptomaniacs Association [NKA]. (2008). Who has time to buy anything? Retrieved from from http://kleptomaniacal.org/stealing Section of a website National Kleptomaniacs Association [NKA]. (2008).Why stealing isn’t stealing. In Who has time to buy anything? Retrieved from http://kleptomaniacal.org/stealing

32. Visual Elements and Appendices

33. Using Visual Elements APA typically requires figures, graphs, tables, charts, and photographs to be placed in an Appendix after the References List –Check with your instructor if this info should appear in the body of the paper You must distinguish between visuals you created and those borrowed from an outside source

34. Visuals from Outside Sources You must include a source note below the element that includes the title, author, date, publication, pub. info, page number, and copyright Note. From “Title of Article,” by J. Doe and J. Horrocks, 2008, Journal of Ethology Studies, 50(6), p. 92. Copyright 2008 by Name of Copyright Holder.

35. Visuals You Created Label (Graph 1, Graph 2, Table 1, etc.) and refer to them in the paper –As shown in Table 8, most respondents indicated a preference for Prada. Your own visuals will not include source notes

36. Other Resources APA Manual, 6 th Edition Our very own Writing Center APA style handouts (available on our website and in the Center on campus) http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/CLAS/ Centers/writing/resources/Pages/guides.aspx

37. Review General Ideas –Field specific citation style Basic Formatting –Title page, major sections, and formatting for subsections Principles of Citation –Author-year system that prefers paraphrasing Reference List –Use our handout or the APA manual for specific concerns Visual Elements and Appendices –Label correctly and use source notes for outside sources

38. The Writing Center For more information please visit us: –Denver Campus, North Classroom Building –Anschutz Medical Campus, Health Sciences Library –Campus Village Apartments, North 3 rd Floor Common Room –Synchronous Online Consultations –http://writingcenter.ucdenver.eduhttp://writingcenter.ucdenver.edu