1. First Aid Day VI Objectives The Student will be able to assess and respond to Cold Related Injuries –Frostbite –Hypothermia The Student will be able to assess and respond to Heat Related Injuries The Student will be able to assess and respond to Poisoning SOLs: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.3c, 9.3d, 9.3e, 9.4a, 9.4b, 9.5a, 9.5c,9.5d, 9.5e

2. COLD AND HEAT-RELATED INJURIES (COPY) Definition: 1. Occurs when the body’s mechanisms for regulating body temperature fail to function properly. 2. Avoiding, recognizing, and responding to cold and heat related emergencies can mean life and death –Frostbite –Hypothermia –Heat-related emergencies

3. Contributing Factors: To Cold Related Emergencies (COPY) Temperature Protection Wind speed Humidity Activity Fluids Hydration Natural ability to compensate for cold

4. Frostbite (COPY) Occurs when body tissues freeze in specific areas and cells are damaged or destroyed –Numbness or tingling –Whitening or graying of skin –Yellowish or waxy skin –Frozen area feels cold, hard, and solid –Rapid loss of pain in an injured area –Blisters may appear after reheating

5. Respond: Frostbite Respond: Frostbite (COPY) Warm victim and frostbitten area –If more than 1 hour from medical care, immerse frostbitten part in warm water Remove clothing and jewelry that might restrict circulation Do NOT Rub Area Bandage and Protect –Dry, clean gauze or cloth between fingers and toes and over broken blisters DO NOT allow a frostbitten area to refreeze

6. HypothermiaHypothermia (COPY) Cold-related emergency that affects the entire body. The body’s warming mechanism fails causing the body temperature to drop and heart to beat erratically. If the core body temperature drops below 95, death can occur.

7. Mild Hypothermia (COPY) Uncontrollable shivers Abdomen cool to touch Grumbles, mumbles, fumbles, and stumbles

8. Severe Hypothermia (COPY) Body temperature drops –Rigid and stiff muscles –No shivering –Icy cold, blue skin –Altered mental status –Slow pulse and breathing –Death-like appearance

9. Respond: Hypothermia (COPY) Warm victim –Stop further heat loss and gradually re-warm victim –Replace wet clothing with warm clothes or blanket –Cover victim’s head Seek Medical Attention –Need advanced care to allow for complete recovery Handle gently to prevent erratic heart rhythms from developing

10. Heat-Related Emergencies Heat-Related Emergencies (COPY) Worsen as body temperature rises –The internal cooling mechanism (sweating) can stop completely, making the body vulnerable to vital organ failure Heat cramps Heat exhaustion Heat stroke

11. Assess: Heat Related (COPY) Heat Cramps (salt loss) –Muscle cramps: abdomen or back of legs during or after physical activity Heat Exhaustion –Headache and nausea –Sweating, thirst, and fatigue Heat Stroke –Hot and dry skin –Seizure –Loss of responsiveness

12. Respond: Heat Related (COPY) Cool victim –By finding a shady or cool place –Remove excess clothing –Cool by fanning or applying cool water or cold packs Provide fluids if responsive –Cool water or commercial sports drink (small amounts) Monitor and Care –Stretch cramped muscles –Activate EMS if changes in consciousness occur

13. POISONING (COPY) Overview: Happen around home. Can be life-threatening –Ingested –Carbon monoxide –Alcohol/Drug Overdose –Plant-induced dermatitis

14. Types of Poisoning Types of Poisoning (COPY) Look for clues to determine cause. Try to get info from victim or bystanders –Medication –Plants –Alcohol and drugs –Carbon monoxide –Household cleaners

15. Ingested Poison (COPY) Signs and Symptoms –Determine victims age and size –What and how much poison ingested –When ingested –Abdominal pain and cramping –Nausea and vomiting –Diarrhea –Burns, odors, or stains around and in mouth –Drowsiness or unresponsiveness

16. Respond: Ingested Poison (COPY) Quickly attempt to find what was ingested –Call PCC/EMS (800-222-1222) to receive specific care advice –Monitor and Care Place on left side to delay poison from entering small intestine Save poison containers, plants, or victim’s vomit to help identify poisonous substance

17. Alcohol/Drug Emergencies (COPY) Can be extremely sedate or emotionally agitated, belligerent, or violent –Emotional distraction or instability –Lack of coordination or unsteadiness –Slurred speech or inability to communicate –Nausea and vomiting –Flushed face –Smell of alcohol on breath or clothing

18. Respond: Alcohol/Drug Emergencies (COPY) Protect yourself from victim’s erratic behavior –Check A, B, C’s –Check for injuries –Place victim on side so they don’t aspirate any vomit –Provide emotional support and continue to monitor –Activate EMS if A, B, C’s become threatened –Remove yourself from areas and seek police assistance if the victim becomes violent

19. Carbon Monoxide (COPY) Invisible, tasteless, odorless, non-irritating gas produced by burning gasoline, wood, paper, charcoal, and natural gas

20. Signs and Symptoms of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (COPY) Headache Ringing in Ears Chest Pain Muscle Weakness Nausea and Vomiting Dizziness and blurred or double vision Confusion Unresponsiveness

21. Respond: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (COPY) Monitor and Care –Remove victim from toxic environment and into fresh air immediately –If unresponsive, place in the recovery position Call EMS –Can help provide equipment to oxygenate –Victim’s should get a blood test –If necessary, call poison control or get medical help immediately

22. Other Gases Chlorine and ammonia may cause irritation, coughing, and breathing distress

23. Poisonous Plants Poisonous Plants (COPY) Types of Poisonous Plants –Poison Oak –Poison Ivy –Poison Sumac Signs of contact with a poisonous plant –Itching –Swelling –Rashes –Blisters

24. Respond: Poisonous Plants (COPY) Clean Injury –Soap and water and alcohol to remove infectious substance Assist with Medication –Apply aveeno, calamine lotion, or baking soda paste to alleviate itching Seek physician if condition doesn’t improve

25. Bell Ringer # VI A Chilly Day Scenario #6 Megan is building a snow-fort with her younger siblings. It is very cold outside, and they have been outside for about four hours. Ben, Megan's little brother, comes in and says he can't feel his fingers. You look at it, and see that it is very white. When you touch it, it feels hard and waxy. What is wrong with Ben's fingers and what should you do? Describe what steps you would take to help Ben and do no further harm to his injury.