1. Lester B. Pearson, Israel and the Suez Canal War

2. The “Levant” (Mediterranean Coast) area of the Middle East is one of the oldest areas with recorded history It was called Canaan, after the Canaanites, who lived in the area from approximately 3300-1000 BCE

3. In 1200 BCE, Canaan was invaded from both the south by the Hebrews (Jews) and from the sea by the Philistines (Greeks) In Approximately 1000 BCE, King David defeated both the Philistines and Canaanites and created the Kingdom of Israel, with its capital in Jerusalem

4. David’s son Solomon expanded Israel into an empire and built a temple for worship Solomon’s sons split the kingdom into Israel and Judah and they grew weaker in 927 BCE 722 BCE Israel was conquered by Assyria and its inhabitants were dispersed 586 BCE Judah was conquered by the Babylonians and its inhabitants were exiled to Babylon

5. In 539 BCE the Persians recaptured the Levant and allowed the Jews to return and build their temple In 333 BCE Alexander the Great conquered the area, but did not change things In 163 BCE the Jewish people revolted against their Greek-Syrian overlords and established the state of Judea

6. In 63 BCE, Judea was conquered by the Romans 66-73 CE the Jewish people revolted against the Romans but were harshly defeated and their temple was destroyed 132-135 CE the Jewish people revolted against the Romans again but are defeated again. This time they are banished from the area around Jerusalem and Judea was renamed Syria-Palestina in order to erase Jewish identity from the land

7. The Romans/Byzantines controlled Palestine until 638 CE, when it was incorporated under Islamic rule 691 CE the Dome of the Rock built 1097-1291: the Crusaders conquer much of Palestine 1291: the Egyptian Mamluks control Palestine 1516: the Ottoman Turks conquer Palestine 1918: the British capture Palestine and give it boundaries

8. Zionism is Jewish nationalism, with a goal of establishing a Jewish state in the former Kingdoms of Israel and Judah Zionism started in the late 1800’s in response to the realization that the Jewish people would never be accepted in Europe Zionists bought land in Palestine from the Turks, and later the British In 1936, the British limited immigration due to Arab unrest, causing some Jewish terrorist groups to form in order to fight the British

9. In 1947, the British gave Palestine to the UN The UN made a plan to divide Palestine into an Arab half and a Jewish half The Jews accepted but the Arabs did not, so there was a civil war from 1947-1948 in Palestine and then a war between Israel and Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen and Saudi Arabia after Israel declared independence on May 12 th 1948

10. In 1956, the new leader of Egypt, Gamal Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal, which connects the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea He needed to fund the building of the Aswan Dam, which Britain and the USA backed out of funding Britain and France owned the Suez Canal, so they were outraged At the time, Israel had very poor relations with Egypt because they were sending terrorists into Israel, which would lead to Israeli retaliation Britain and France asked Israel if they would invade the Sinai Peninsula, so Britain and France could send paratroopers to the Suez Canal with the pretext of peacekeeping The Israelis gained a large sale of arms from France

12. Israel invaded the Sinai on October 29 th 1956 They routed Egyptian forces Britain and France “called for a truce” and then sent their paratroopers to the Suez Canal on November 6 th after Nasser refused the truce Britain and France’s plan was exposed and there was international outrage, especially by the USA and USSR The invasion turned into a diplomatic fiasco, causing the fall of the British and French governments For Israel, the invasion was a success Despite his military defeat, Nasser emerged as the victor because he was seen as standing up to western Imperialism

13. Louis St. Laurent replaced Mackenzie-King as Prime Minster and head of the Liberal Party in 1948 He wanted to establish Canada as a “Middle Power” which would seek to establish links between the USA and USSR and use its power to reduce global tension In response to the Suez Canal Crisis, St. Laurent denounced Britain and France

14. In response to the Suez Crisis, Foreign Minister Lester B. Pearson went to the UN to find a solution to the conflict Pearson proposed that the UN Emergency Force be sent to the Suez Canal to separate the opposing armies The UN agreed and sent a force led by a Canadian general to occupy the Sinai Peninsula while Israel withdrew This is significant because it was the first time the UN was used in a peacekeeping role Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize

15. In 1967, Nasser removed the UN Emergency Force and blocked shipping to Israel Israel responded with a pre- emptive strike called the Six Day War Israel: Strength 264,000 (incl. 214,000 reserve troops) 300 combat aircraft 800 tanks [2] [2] Egypt: 240,000, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq: 307,000 957 combat aircraft 2,504 tanks [3] [3]

16. Israel Casualties and losses 800 killed, 2,563 wounded, 15 captured, 46 aircraft destroyed [4] [4] Egypt Casualties- 10,000 listed as killed, wounded and missing in action. [5] Jordan- 700 killed, 2,500 wounded. Syria- 2,500 dead, 5,000 wounded, Iraq- lost 10 killed, 30 wounded, 6,000 captured, 400 aircraft. [5] Egypt and Syria responded in 1973 by attacking Israel on the holiest day in Judaism, called the Yom Kippur War Israel won, thus many neighboring countries saw they would not be able to destroy Israel In 1978 Egypt and Israel signed a peace agreement at Camp David