1. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 1 Global Communities of Practice n Knowledge management must integrate individual, community-of-practice and organizational knowledge Brown and Duguid(1998) n joint enterprise n mutuality n shared repertoire n informal structure

2. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 2 The Individual’s Four Knowledge Contexts Environment Organisation Team Community of Practice

3. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 3 Virtual CoPs n Example: Texas Instruments Taipei and Austin –corporate systems replicated at both ends of a broadband link n Place-based community is a limiting case Webber’s Non-place realm (1964) Castells’ Informational city of flows (1989) –material and information n Accessibility, rather than the location of "place" is key Current conditions allow access to be non- physical Indian software industry best demonstration

4. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 4 Maintaining Communities of Practice n Effective communities are needed across space and culture n Internationalisation of Software Development Indian and British alliances hampered by different modes of group working Indian firms place key workers and team in target markets to deal with clients Indian firms use foreign partners to enter third countries (Nicholson Sahay & Krishna, 2000)

5. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 5 Technology: 10% Revisited n Knowledge Extraction and Business Intelligence Department of Trade and Industry U.K. initiative Post 9/11 surge in research investment from U.S. –Social network analysis n Expertise versus competence "Competent performance is rational, proficiency is transitional, experts act arationally". (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p.36)

6. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 6 Inclusion Exclusion and Infiltration n Digital Divide access to the “information economy” as important as physical location n Excluded economies difficulty maintaining modest economic objectives. excluded from policy making processes no influence over the emerging global information system reducing ability to negotiate sustainable exploitation of their own resources

7. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 7 Access from the Margins n Divisions in both developed and developing countries present the less advantaged actors with a major problem accessing or utilising technologies which have been shaped by other players towards the support of different priorities. n Existing inequalities will be reinforced unless access to these technologies can be achieved.

8. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 8 Access versus Ownership Skilling the diaspora low cost internet- based telephony Business centres & internet cafes located at the margins

9. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 9 Tracks and Traces: The Braceros n 350,000 contract workers in 1942 n 1,000,000 US residents descended from these workers or their families n Oaxaca Index a matrix of materials surrounding los braceros, http://www.geocities.com/archiving_practice/losbraceros.html

10. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 10 Performing Identity in Cyberspace: the Braceros n Personal Presence http://www.cmp.ucr.edu/students/glasshouses/ http://www.tempe.gov/museum/albumslist.htm n Organising, Campaigning http://www.hispanicvista.com/html/100702cm.htm http://www.lieffcabraser.com/braceros.htm n Carrying culture http://www.indiana.edu/~jah/mexico/retablos.html http://www.geobodies.org/video/performing/perfor mingdes.htmlhttp://www.geobodies.org/video/performing/perfor mingdes.html

11. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 11 Windows of Opportunity n How can “small” players influence an emerging new "techno-economic paradigm" (Perez, 1985) ? n A window paradigm for globalising information systems using available technologies without regard for their underlying assumptions –mobile phones and micro-enterprises n “Windows of opportunity” may be inadvertently closed by the momentum of mainstream technical development E-commerce already mutating in to M-commerce – GPS + LEO satellites

12. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 12 Technologies with Potential n Next Generation Mobile Communications Switching from geostationary Earth orbits (GEOs) to medium Earth orbit (MEO) and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites Geophysics dictates equality of coverage n WiFi Access Low cost access to higher speed connections The last kilometre is often the biggest barrier to access

13. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 13 Local and Global Knowledge n Social and Institutional Paradigm Shifts must accompany Technical Paradigm Shift n Local experience still matters in determining strategies in creating alternative paradigms n “Glocalisation” of Knowledge practices

14. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 14 A Shifting Context for Information Systems n Management ------ Governance Ultimate consequence of Williamson (1975) and transaction driven view of organisation governance replacing management governance flows along the value chain disntermediation and re-intermediation n Microsoft ----------- OSF n Cathedral --------- Bazaar Raymond E.S. (2001) n Information Sharing ---------- Knowledge Sharing hierarchies ---------------------- distributed CoPs

15. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 15 Further Technical Shifts n E commerce to M commerce location specific services wearable medical devices radio frequency smart tags n E government to M government biometrics real time monitoring and surveillance of movement n DTI Foresight Project on Intelligent Infrastructure Systems. http://www.foresight.gov.uk/Previous_Projects/Intelligent_Infrastructure_Systems/

16. Design and Determination: the global role of information systems 16 Consequences of these shifts n Global business imperatives for web infrastructure Interaction with globalized client base n Distributed Global IT = Open IT Accessibility at household and individual level Collective development of existing public communicative skills, –http://www.angelfire.com/co3/NCFS/campaign.htmlhttp://www.angelfire.com/co3/NCFS/campaign.html –http://www.actupny.org/http://www.actupny.org/ n Internet as the ground for the globalised coordination of labour –http://www.icem.org/?id=4&doc=808http://www.icem.org/?id=4&doc=808 Internet as open source communication home for social, political and labour movements –mirrors open source software movement