1. Health Care Science Technology
Chapter 22 Dental Care
Health Care Science Technology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Objectives
Identify the members of the dental team and their responsibilities, education, and credentialing.
List the dental specialty areas.
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3. Objectives (cont.)
Name the teeth in the primary dentition and in the permanent dentition.
Name and locate surfaces, tissues, and anatomical features of the teeth and related structures.
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4. Objectives (cont.)
Demonstrate the use of the universal and Palmer’s notation.
Identify the causative factors of dental disease.
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5. Objectives (cont.)
Describe aseptic techniques and maintenance of equipment in the dental treatment room.
Chart conditions of teeth and record the treatment rendered.
Successfully complete 4 dental care procedures.
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6. Careers in Dental Care 22-1
The Dental Assistant
The Dental Laboratory Technician
The Dental Hygienist
The Dentist
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7. The Dental Assistant Employed with:
Dental offices of general dentists and dental specialists.
Dental school clinics.
Private and government hospitals and clinics.
Insurance companies.
Dental laboratories.
Dental suppliers.
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8. The Dental Assistant (cont.)
Job Responsibilities
Expose and process radiographs (X rays).
Provide clients with instructions on oral care following treatments.
Teach clients how to brush and floss properly.
Make impressions of clients’ teeth for study models.
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9. The Dental Assistant (cont.)
Job Responsibilities (cont.)
Assist the dentist in a variety of treatment procedures.
Manipulate dental materials.
Make dental appliances.
Develop infection control protocol.
Perform office management tasks.
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10. The Dental Laboratory Technician
Works independently to create dental prostheses, replacements for natural teeth, and dental appliances.
Uses a variety of materials to fabricate:
Full or partial dentures.
Artificial crowns and bridges.
Veneers.
Orthodontic appliances and splints.
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11. The Dental Hygienist
Assesses and charts oral conditions and reviews the client’s health and dental history.
Exposes and processes dental radiographs (X rays).
Instructs clients in oral hygiene techniques.
Provides nutritional counseling in relation to dental health.
Removes calculus and plaque.
Applies preventive materials such as fluoride and sealants to the teeth.
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12. The Dentist
Diagnoses and treats diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues, the tongue, lips, and jaws.
Restores teeth damaged by decay or trauma.
Replaces missing teeth with artificial materials.
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13. The Dentist (cont.)
Carries out cosmetic procedures to improve a client’s appearance.
Performs corrective surgery on the jaws and supporting tissues.
Straightens teeth.
Performs oral hygiene procedures and provides instructions to clients.
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14. The Dentist (cont.) Specialty Areas of Dental Practice
Dental public health.
Endodontics.
Oral and maxillofacial pathology.
Oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.
Pediatric dentistry.
Periodontics.
Prosthodontics.
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15. Section 22-1 Apply Your Knowledge
Which dental health specialist removes calculus and plaque?
Answer: Dental hygienist.
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16. Dental Care Procedures 22-2
Basic Dental Anatomy
Brushing and Flossing
Tooth Numbering Systems
The Dental Treatment Area
Stress and the Dental Client
Dental Instruments and Tray Setups
Instrument Transfer and Oral Evacuation
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17. Dental Care Procedures 22-2 (cont.)
Dental Anesthesia
Impressions and Models
Amalgam and Resin Restorative Materials
Dental Cements
Dental Records
Dental Radiographs
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18. Basic Dental Anatomy
The Primary Teeth – also known as deciduous dentition, consist of 20 teeth arranged in two U-shaped patterns.
There are 10 teeth in the maxillary arch and 10 in the mandibular arch.
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19. Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
The Permanent Teeth – replace the primary teeth between the ages of 6 and 12.
Roots are resorbed.
Are also known as the permanent dentition and consist of 32 teeth.
All have erupted by the age of 14, except the third molars.
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20. Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
Tooth Divisions
The 2 main parts of the tooth are the root and the crown.
The apex is the end of the root furthest from the crown.
The cervical line is formed by the junction of the crown and the root.
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21. Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
Surfaces of the Tooth
The surfaces of the tooth are: mesial, distal, facial, buccal, labial, incisal, occlusal, and lingual.
Other terms related to the surfaces of the root are: proximal surface, contact area, and interproximal space.
Structural features of the occlusal surface are: cusp, marginal ridges, developmental grooves, fissures, pit, and fossa.
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22. Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
Tooth Tissues
A tooth is made up of 4 tissues:
Enamel.
Cementum.
Dentin.
Pulp.
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23. Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
Adjacent Tissues
Gingiva is a soft tissue that surrounds the neck of the tooth.
The space between the free gingiva and the tooth is known as the gingival sulcus.
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24. Basic Dental Anatomy (cont.)
Types of Teeth
Incisors.
Canines.
Premolars.
Molars. B.
Click for answers.
Can you identify the type in each picture?
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25. Types of Teeth Answers A. Premolars B. Molars C. Canines D. Incisors
Click to return.
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26. Brushing and Flossing
Plaque must be removed at least once every 24 hours.
It is preferable to brush after each meal.
Brushing removes plaque from the facial, lingual, and occlusal surfaces.
Flossing removes plaque from between teeth on the mesial and distal surfaces.
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27. Tooth Numbering Systems
The Universal System – used commonly in the United States.
Each permanent tooth is numbered from 1 to 32.
Deciduous teeth are lettered from A to T.
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28. Tooth Numbering Systems (cont.)
Palmer’s System – used in some orthodontic and pediatric practices.
Permanent teeth are numbered from 1 to 8, according to quadrants.
Deciduous teeth are lettered from A to E, according to quadrants.
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29. The Dental Treatment Area
Consists of a dental chair, a dental assistant’s chair, an operator’s chair, a dental unit, an operating light, fixed and mobile cabinets, a sink, and an X-ray unit.
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30. The Dental Treatment Area (cont.)
The dental unit contains:
Master on/off switch.
Handpiece tubing.
Rheostat.
Air-water syringe.
Suction tubing for oral evacuator.
Suction tubing for saliva ejector.
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31. Stress and the Dental Client
Follow these steps to reduce client stress:
Wear a name tag.
Listen to the client.
Use the client’s name frequently.
Take a personal interest in the client.
Patiently explain procedures to the client.
Respect individual differences.
Always maintain client privacy and confidentiality.
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32. Dental Instruments and Tray Setups
Hand Instruments – the 3 parts of a hand instrument are the handle or shaft, blade or nib, and shank.
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33. Dental Instruments and Tray Setups (cont.)
Basic hand instruments include: mouth mirror, explorer, cotton pliers, periodontal probe, saliva ejector tip, oral evacuator tip, and aspirating anesthetic syringe.
Restorative instruments are included in the composite tray setup and resin tray setup.
Cavity preparation instruments.
Amalgam instruments.
Composite and other instruments.
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34. Dental Instruments and Tray Setups (cont.)
Dental Handpieces and Rotary Instruments
May be either high or low speed.
Can be powered by air or electricity.
Burs or diamonds are used with the handpieces.
assorted burs
assorted diamonds
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35. Instrument Transfer and Oral Evacuation
The dental assistant:
Prepares materials and instruments.
Transfers them to the dentist.
Maintains a clear working area with effective oral evacuation and tissue retraction.
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36. Instrument Transfer and Oral Evacuation (cont.)
Instrument Grasps
The pen grasp is used with most instruments.
The palm grasp is used when the instrument has two handles, such as the extraction forceps.
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37. Instrument Transfer and Oral Evacuation (cont.)
The instrument transfer zone is over the client’s chest, in the 4 to 7 o’clock position.
The assistant brings the instrument to the dentist when the dentist signals for it.
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38. Instrument Transfer and Oral Evacuation (cont.)
The oral evacuator removes fluids and retracts tissue during treatment procedures.
Benefits include:
Improved visibility.
Reduced amount of airborne microbes.
Prevention of swallowing of debris.
Prevention of moisture from adversely affecting dental materials.
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39. Dental Anesthesia
Local Anesthesia – injected near the nerves, blocking the conduction of nervous impulses to the central nervous system.
Topical Anesthesia – applied to the surface or mucosa to minimize the discomfort of the needle used for local anesthesia.
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40. Impressions and Models
Models are positive reproductions or 3-dimensional duplicates of a client’s teeth and surrounding tissues.
They are used for study and diagnosis of orthodontic and prosthodontic cases.
The first step in making a model is to take an impression of the teeth and surrounding tissues.
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41. Impressions and Models (cont.)
Impression Materials
The two classifications of the most commonly used impression materials are:
Alginate – an irreversible hydrocolloid.
Elastomeric materials, including polysulfide or rubber-base materials, silicone, and polyether.
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42. Impressions and Models (cont.)
Alginate
Water is mixed with a powder, then inserted into a perforated impression tray and placed in the mouth.
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43. Impressions and Models (cont.)
Electromeric Materials
Used for very precise procedures, such as fabricating crowns, bridges, and dentures.
Available in both light-bodied and heavy-bodied forms.
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44. Amalgam and Resin Restorative Materials
Cavity preparation and placement of a restorative material are processes that remove disease and restore tooth health, function, and appearance.
Amalgam and composite material are the two most commonly used materials for direct restoration of cavities.
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45. Dental Cements Dental cements are used as: Bases and liners.
Luting agents.
Temporary restorations.
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46. Dental Records Charting symbols are used to indicate: Caries. Amalgam.
Composite.
Missing tooth.
Teeth to be extracted.
Impacted tooth.
Gold crown.
Porcelain crown.
Root canal.
Periapical abscess.
Fracture.
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47. Dental Radiographs
Radiolucent areas – darker or black areas on the film.
Radiopaque areas – lighter or white areas on the film.
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48. Dental Radiographs (cont.)
Types of Dental Radiographs
Periapical – includes the entire length of the tooth and the tissues.
Bitewing – includes the crowns of both the maxillary and the mandibular teeth on 1 film.
Occlusal – includes the entire maxillary or mandibular arch on 1 larger film.
Panoramic – shows all the maxillary and mandibular teeth and supporting structures.
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49. Dental Radiographs (cont.)
Intraoral Dental Film
Size 0 – used for children up to age 5.
Size 1 – used for children age 5 to 10
and adults in narrow anterior
areas.
Size 2 – used for adults.
Size 4 – used for occlusal film.
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50. Section 22-2 Apply Your Knowledge
What o’clock positions are used for transfer of instruments?
Answer:
4 to 7 o’clock positions.
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51. Procedures in Student Text
22A1 Demonstrating the Bass Toothbrushing Technique
22A2 Demonstrating Correct Flossing Technique
22B Maintaining the Dental Treatment Area
22C Positioning the Client and the Dental Assistant
22D Dental Tray Setups
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52. Additional Procedures in Lab Activity Manual
LM22-1 One-Handed Instrument Transfer
LM22-2 Using the Oral Evacuator
LM22-3 Preparing the Anesthetic Syringe and Assisting with the Administration
LM22-4A Preparing Alginate and Assisting with an Alginate Impression
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53. Additional Procedures in Lab Activity Manual (cont.)
LM22-4B Mixing and Assisting with an Elastomeric Impression
LM22-4C Mixing Dental Plaster and Stone and Fabricating a Model
LM22-5A Preparing Amalgam and Assisting with an Amalgam Restoration
LM22-5B Preparing Composite and Assisting with a Composite Restoration
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54. Additional Procedures in Lab Activity Manual (cont.)
LM22-6A Mixing Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement
LM22-6B Mixing Calcium Hydroxide Cement
LM22-6C Mixing Polycarboxylate Cement
LM22-6D Mixing Glass Ionomer Cement
LM22-7A Manual Processing of Dental Radiographs
LM22-7B Mounting Dental Radiographs
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55. Chapter 22 Credits Slide 7 CORBIS Slide 29 A-dec
Slide 34 (top) Midwest Dental Products Corp.
(bottom) Brasseler USA
Slide 37 Aaron Haupt
Slide 40 James Stevenson/Photo Researchers
Slide 42 Aaron Haupt
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