1. Civil Rights Movement

2. Does the election of President Obama mark the end of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, or simply serve at it's greatest victory?

5. Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow

6. Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 – Homer Plessy was arrested for riding on a white railroad car
Court rules that Louisiana’s “separate but equal” laws are constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment

7. Jim Crow Laws Laws aimed at separating the races Some examples:
Forbade marriage between blacks and whites
Restrictions on social contacts in public places
Separate schools, waiting rooms, railroad coaches, and drinking fountains
Facilities for blacks were usually inferior

8. Jim Crow Laws

9. Jim Crow Laws

10. Jim Crow Laws

11. Lynchings

12. Unequal schools
CAN YOU TELL WHICH ONE IS FOR BLACKS AND WHICH IS FOR WHITES?

13. Unequal schools
CAN YOU TELL WHICH ONE IS FOR BLACKS AND WHICH IS FOR WHITES?

15. NAACP Since 1909 fought for desegregation Thurgood Marshall
Brown v Board of Education (1954)
2nd Brown ruling: “with all deliberate speed”
Southern Manifesto – 90 Southern members resist rulings by “all lawful means”

16. Brown v. Board of Education
“Separate Education Facilities are inherently unequal”

17. Problems Desegregating Society
Little Rock, Arkansas
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Civil Rights Act of 1964

18. The Little Rock Nine

20. Sit-ins Challenge right to sit at lunch counter Civil Disobedience
SNCC

22. Freedom Riders Montgomery Bus boycott = right to ride bus/sit
Freedom Riders challenge the right to ride on interstate buses
JFK’s response to the buses being attacked?

24. March on Washington “I have a dream” speech
Goal: Pass Civil rights legislation

25. Obama’s Inauguration vs. March on Washington

26. Freedom Summer Robert Moses: leads voting registrations in South
Mississippi called “Closed Society” b/c can’t vote
Violent Opposition (Mississippi Burning)
By the end of the summer 4 had died, 4 critically wounded and 80 beaten

27. Selma Campaign Selma Sheriff brutally attacked demonstrators
Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot and killed
MLKJ responded w/ a 50 mile march from Selma to Montgomery

28. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Eliminated the literacy test
Federal examiners could enroll voters denied suffrage by local officials

29. Let’s see if you could have voted in Alabama:

30. Northern Segregation De facto segregation: exists by practice
Rid racist attitudes
Increased after “white flight”
De Jure segregation: segregation by law

31. Urban Violence NYC July ’64 Watts Riot – August 11, 1965
White police v black teenagers, ended in death of 15 yr old, sparked race riot in Harlem
Watts Riot – August 11, 1965
Riot after police was arresting a man for drunk driving, lasted 6 days, 34 dead, $30 million in damage
1967 most violent year: violence in +100 cities
But didn’t LBJ announce his War on Poverty?

32. Malcolm X

33. “If you think we are here to tell you to love the white man, you have come to the wrong place.”

34. Malcolm X stated at the end of his autobiography- I know that societies often have killed the people who have helped to change those societies... if I can die having brought any light, having exposed any meaningful truth that will help to destroy the racist cancer that is malignant in the body of America... then all of the credit is due to Allah. Only the mistakes have been mine. How do you interpret these words?

35. Released from prison in ’52 Elijah Muhammad
Nation of Islam
Released from prison in ’52
Elijah Muhammad
Believed blacks should be armed for self-defense
Ballots or Bullets?
If we can’t use the ballot, we turn to bullets so let them vote
Why he left the Nation of Islam:
(Malcolm X clip on how he changed from Malcolm Little to Malcolm X in prison; 10 mins); (Malcolm X death)

37. Stokely Carmichael: "Black Power"
"Racism must die. The economic exploitation by this country of non-white people around the world must also die."
delivered October 1966, Berkeley, CA

38. “I knew that I could vote and that that wasn’t a privilege; it was my right. Every time I tried I was shot, killed or jailed, beaten or economically deprived. So somebody had to write a bill for white people to tell them, "When a black man comes to vote, don’t bother him." That bill, again, was for white people, not for black people; so that when you talk about open occupancy, I know I can live anyplace I want to live. It is white people across this country who are incapable of allowing me to live where I want to live. You need a civil rights bill, not me. I know I can live where I want to live.”

39. Black Panthers Goal: fight police brutality in the ghetto
Offers “a program for the people” – help communities/provide support
Angry at the large #s of blacks drafted to fight in Vietnam
Mao Zedong “power flows out of the barrel of the gun”
FBI investigates – usually illegal searches

41. Attack in Birmingham

42. Poverty Status: African American 1959

43. 2004

44. Dr. King ( )
spread ideas of non-violence to Northern cities: planning “Poor Peoples March” to D.C.
April 4, 1968 – King on balcony of hotel room in Memphis, Tenn.
James Earl Ray shot a bullet into King’s neck, King died an hour later

46. Reaction to his death
Bobby Kennedy (campaigning for Democratic nomination) urged people to keep King’s ideas of nonviolence alive
His death led to worst urban riots in US history
June 1968 Bobby Kennedy assassinated by Jordanian immigrant who was angry w/ RFK’s support of Israel

49. Kerner Commission LBJ; to study the causes of urban violence
Conclusion: 1 main cause: white racism; moving towards 2 separate societies – 1 white, 1 black
LBJ Admin chose to ignore many of the recommendations b/c of strong white opposition

50. Civil Rights Act of 1968
Banned Discrimination in housing

51. Impacts of the Movement
Huge increase in the #s of African-Americans graduating high school and college
Increase in African pride/identity:
Afro
Dashiki
New Black Studies programs in schools
More appearances on TV
Political Gains: Jesse Jackson ran for Pres. 1988; 2/3 eligible voters were registered; today - OBAMA

52. Unfinished Work Affirmative Action – began 1960s
Much of school desegregation reversed by 1990s: 50-75% of African Americans attend almost completely black schools
Poverty rate = 3x’s whites
Affirmative Action – began 1960s
1970s criticized as “reverse discrimination”

55. Latinos
1960s – jobless rate nearly 50% higher than whites as well as % of families in poverty
Farm Worker Movement – Cesar Chavez
1968 Bilingual Euducation Act
La Raza Unida – political movement to get Latinos in public office

57. Native Americans
Have been the poorest of Americans and have the highest unemployment rate
1950s (Ike) Termination policy to get them off reservations into mainstream Amer. – big failure
American Indian Movement – often militant
Indian Education Act
Gained rights to land through court action

59. Gay rights
By 1986 – 26 states had reduced criminal penalties for sexual relationships between consenting adults
Bush – increased funding for AIDS and called for a study on hate crimes to include homosexuals
By 1993 – 7 states and 110 communities outlawed discrimination against homosexuals

60. same-sex marriage

62. Feminism Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique NOW
ERA (opponent – Phyllis Schlafly)
Geraldine Ferraro
“feminization” of poverty – how much do women earn compared to men?
Pay equity
Title IX (1972)

66. Roe v Wade
NOW and other feminist groups supported the women’s right to have an abortion
1973 Supreme Ct. ruled women have the right to choose an abortion during 1st 3 months of pregnancy
Norma McCorvey, "Jane Roe" in Roe vs. Wade