1. Civil Rights What rights are worth fighting for?

2. Taking on Segregation Main Idea Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advanced equal rights for African Americans in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Why it Matters Today Landmark Supreme Court decisions beginning in 1954 have guaranteed civil rights for Americans today.

3. The Segregation System Segregated buses might never have rolled through the streets of Montgomery if the Civil Rights Act of 1875 had remained in force.Segregated buses might never have rolled through the streets of Montgomery if the Civil Rights Act of 1875 had remained in force. It promised that all persons, regardless of race, color, or previous condition, was entitled to full and equal employment of accommodation in "inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement."It promised that all persons, regardless of race, color, or previous condition, was entitled to full and equal employment of accommodation in "inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement." Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal Jim Crow Laws-South Segregation in the 20 th Century African Americans Find segregation Throughout the nation Civil Rights Movement Shortage of white laborers African Ams in the military Challenged Jim Crow Laws & voting rights

4. Challenging Segregation in Court The desegregation campaign was led largely by NAACP, which had fought since 1909 to end segregation.The desegregation campaign was led largely by NAACP, which had fought since 1909 to end segregation. The NAACP Legal StrategyThe NAACP Legal Strategy Charles Michael HoustonCharles Michael Houston Public EducationPublic Education Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall Morgan v. Virginia, Sweatt v. PainterMorgan v. Virginia, Sweatt v. Painter Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education May 17, 1954May 17, 1954 Supreme Court struck down segregation in schooling unconstitutionalSupreme Court struck down segregation in schooling unconstitutional

5. Reaction to the Brown Decision Resistance to School Desegregation Crisis in Little Rock

6. The Montgomery Bus Boycott The face-to-face confrontation at Central HS was not the only showdown over segregation in the mid-1950’s.The face-to-face confrontation at Central HS was not the only showdown over segregation in the mid-1950’s. Boycotting SegregationBoycotting Segregation Dec. 1, 1955- Rosa ParksDec. 1, 1955- Rosa Parks Montgomery Improvement AssociationMontgomery Improvement Association Martin Luther King- 26 years old.Martin Luther King- 26 years old. Walking for JusticeWalking for Justice Dec. 5, 1955- filed a lawsuit and refused to ride the buses for 381 daysDec. 5, 1955- filed a lawsuit and refused to ride the buses for 381 days 1956- Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation.1956- Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation.

7. Martin Luther King and the SCLC The Montgomery bus boycott proved to the world that the African American community could unite and organize a successful protest movement.The Montgomery bus boycott proved to the world that the African American community could unite and organize a successful protest movement. MLK & The SCLC Soul Force Peaceful Protest From Grassroots Up SCLC SNCC

8. The Movement Spreads Although SNCC adopted King’s ideas in part, its members had ideas of their own. Many people called for a more confrontational strategy and set out to reshape the civil rights movement.Although SNCC adopted King’s ideas in part, its members had ideas of their own. Many people called for a more confrontational strategy and set out to reshape the civil rights movement. Demonstrating for FreedomDemonstrating for Freedom Sit-InsSit-Ins Lunch CountersLunch Counters

9. Taking on Segregation Review What were Jim Crow laws and how were they applied?What were Jim Crow laws and how were they applied? Jim Crow laws, passed in the South, were aimed at separating the races. Application of these laws included separate schools, streetcars, and public restrooms.Jim Crow laws, passed in the South, were aimed at separating the races. Application of these laws included separate schools, streetcars, and public restrooms. What were the roots of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s beliefs in nonviolent resistance?What were the roots of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s beliefs in nonviolent resistance? King’s beliefs were rooted in Jesus’ teaching of love one’s enemy. Thoreau’s concept of civil disobedience, Randolph’s techniques for organizing massive demonstrations, and Gandhi’s use of nonviolent resistance.King’s beliefs were rooted in Jesus’ teaching of love one’s enemy. Thoreau’s concept of civil disobedience, Randolph’s techniques for organizing massive demonstrations, and Gandhi’s use of nonviolent resistance.

10. The Triumphs of a Crusade Main Idea Civil Rights activists broke through racial barriers. Their activism prompted landmark legislation. Why it Matters Today Activism pushed the federal government to end segregation and ensure voting rights for African Americans.

11. Riding for Freedom 1961- James Peck, a white civil rights activist, joined members of CORE and a trip across the South.1961- James Peck, a white civil rights activist, joined members of CORE and a trip across the South. Freedom RidersFreedom Riders New VolunteersNew Volunteers Bus companies refused to carry CORE freedom ridersBus companies refused to carry CORE freedom riders SNCC volunteers carried onSNCC volunteers carried on Arrival of Federal MarshalsArrival of Federal Marshals Kennedy sends U.S. Marshals to protect freedom riders in Montgomery, AL.Kennedy sends U.S. Marshals to protect freedom riders in Montgomery, AL.

12. Standing Firm With the integration of interstate travel facilities under way some civil rights workers turned their attention to integrating some Southern schools and pushing the movement into additional Southern towns.With the integration of interstate travel facilities under way some civil rights workers turned their attention to integrating some Southern schools and pushing the movement into additional Southern towns. Integrating Ole Miss Letters from Birmingham Jail Kennedy Takes a Stand

13. March to Washington The civil rights bill that President Kennedy sent to Congress guaranteed equal access to all public accommodations and gave the U.S. attorney general the power to file school desegregation suits.The civil rights bill that President Kennedy sent to Congress guaranteed equal access to all public accommodations and gave the U.S. attorney general the power to file school desegregation suits. Dream of EqualityDream of Equality Aug. 28, 1963- 250,000 peopleAug. 28, 1963- 250,000 people “I Have a Dream Speech”“I Have a Dream Speech” More ViolenceMore Violence Two weeks after the speech 4 Birmingham girls are killed.Two weeks after the speech 4 Birmingham girls are killed. 2 Mos. Later JFK killed2 Mos. Later JFK killed Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964

14. Fighting for Voting Rights 1964- African Americans began to register to vote in the South1964- African Americans began to register to vote in the South Freedom SummerFreedom Summer Voting Rights Freedom Summer Recruited College Students New Political Party Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Fannie Lou Hamer Selma Campaign 1965- SCLC walk from Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights Act of 1965 Eliminated Literacy Tests

15. The Triumphs of a Crusade Review What was the significance of the federal court case won by James Meredith in 1962?What was the significance of the federal court case won by James Meredith in 1962? Meredith won a federal court case allowing him to enroll in the University of Mississippi.Meredith won a federal court case allowing him to enroll in the University of Mississippi. Cite three examples of violence committed between 1962 and 1964 against African Americans and civil rights activists.Cite three examples of violence committed between 1962 and 1964 against African Americans and civil rights activists. Fannie Lou Hamer was beaten trying to register to vote; a bomb in a Birmingham church killed four African-American girls; Klansmen, with the support of local police, murdered three civil rights activists in Mississippi.Fannie Lou Hamer was beaten trying to register to vote; a bomb in a Birmingham church killed four African-American girls; Klansmen, with the support of local police, murdered three civil rights activists in Mississippi.

16. Challenges and Changes in the Movement Main Idea Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism created a violent period in the fight for civil rights. Why it Matters Today From the fight for equality came a resurgence of racial pride for African Americans, a legacy that influences today’s generations.

17. African Americans Seek Greater Equality What civil rights groups had in common in the early 1960’s were their calls for a newfound pride in black identity and a commitment to change the social and economic structures that kept people in a life of poverty.What civil rights groups had in common in the early 1960’s were their calls for a newfound pride in black identity and a commitment to change the social and economic structures that kept people in a life of poverty. Northern SegregationNorthern Segregation De Facto Segregation- segregation that exists by practice and custom.De Facto Segregation- segregation that exists by practice and custom. De Jure Segregation- segregation by law.De Jure Segregation- segregation by law. During WWII many African Americans headed northDuring WWII many African Americans headed north “White Flight”“White Flight” 1966- “Open City”1966- “Open City” Urban ViolenceUrban Violence Aug. 15, 1965- Watts; Los AngelesAug. 15, 1965- Watts; Los Angeles War on PovertyWar on Poverty

18. New Leaders Voice Discontent Malcolm X, declared to a Harlem audience, “If you think we are here to tell you to love the white man, you have come to the wrong place.”Malcolm X, declared to a Harlem audience, “If you think we are here to tell you to love the white man, you have come to the wrong place.” Voice of Discontent African Am. Solidarity Nation of Islam Elijah Muhammad Malcolm X Ballots or Bullets? Pilgrimage to Meca Feb. 21, 1965- Harlem Black Power Stokely Carmichael- SNCC “Black Power” Black Panthers Oct.1966 Huey Newton & Bobby Seale

19. 1968-A Turning Point in Civil Rights MLK objected to the Black Power movement. He believed that preaching violence could only end in grief.MLK objected to the Black Power movement. He believed that preaching violence could only end in grief. King’s DeathKing’s Death April 3, 1968- King addressed a crown in Memphis, TNApril 3, 1968- King addressed a crown in Memphis, TN James Earl RayJames Earl Ray Reactions to King’s DeathReactions to King’s Death Over 100 cities exploded into flamesOver 100 cities exploded into flames Baltimore, Chicago, Kansas City, and Washington, D.C.Baltimore, Chicago, Kansas City, and Washington, D.C. June 1968- RFK was assassinated.June 1968- RFK was assassinated.

20. Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement Mar. 1, 1968- the Kerner Commission- appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence.Mar. 1, 1968- the Kerner Commission- appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence. One main cause outlined- “White Racism”One main cause outlined- “White Racism” Civil Rights GainsCivil Rights Gains Ended De Jure SegregationEnded De Jure Segregation Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968 Greater pride in African American cultureGreater pride in African American culture Black studies in collegesBlack studies in colleges 1970- 2/3 were registered to vote1970- 2/3 were registered to vote Rev. Jesse JacksonRev. Jesse Jackson Unfinished WorkUnfinished Work Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action Federal government jobsFederal government jobs

21. Challenges and Changes in the Movement- Review What were some of the key beliefs advocated by Malcolm X?What were some of the key beliefs advocated by Malcolm X? Black nationalism, self-determination, racial pride, self-respect, the use of self- defenseBlack nationalism, self-determination, racial pride, self-respect, the use of self- defense Why did some civil rights leaders urge Stokely Carmichael to stop using the slogan “black power”?Why did some civil rights leaders urge Stokely Carmichael to stop using the slogan “black power”? Leaders felt that the slogan “black power” antagonized whites.Leaders felt that the slogan “black power” antagonized whites.