1. Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism

2. Focus of Chapter
Northern Humanism - Inspired by both Classical studies and Late Medieval lay piety.
Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Late Mannerism

3. Northern Humanism Study of Christian writings and Greco-Roman classics
Emphasis on simplicity and Christ’s teachings
Rabelais – French humanist
Marguerite of Angouleme
Erasmus – most influential humanist of the period. Author of The Praise of Folly

4. The Northern Renaissance
The culture of sixteenth century Northern Europe
Northern Renaissance literature
Montaigne – Essays
Shakespeare – Renaissance and Mannerist plays

5. Northern Renaissance Painting
Influence of Protestant Reformation on painting
Secular subjects

6. Durer
Paintings (portraits) and engravings

7. Durer

8. Durer

9. Durer

10. Durer

11. Grunewald
Isenheim Altarpiece

12. Bosch

13. Peter Bruegel

14. Bruegel

15. The Protestant Reformation
Causes:
Radical reshaping of Western society
Spiritual yearnings of human beings
Historical trends occurring during the Middle Ages
Corruption and abuses in the church
Rise of sovereign states
Decay of medieval thought
Revival of humanism

16. Luther
In 1517, published his Ninety-five Theses against sale of indulgences, the sacraments, and authority of the pope
In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
Luther’s beliefs
Salvation comes from God’s grace, not good works
Sole source of authority was the Bible, not Pope
Retained only two sacraments: baptism and communion
Translated Bible into vernacular
Married Katherine von Bora

17. Luther

18. Calvin Institutes of the Christian Religion Belief in predestination
Government subordinate to the state
Calvinism was the most international of the new sects

19. John Calvin

20. The Reform of the English Church
In 1529, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who failed to produce a male heir
When the pope denied his request, Henry declared himself head of the Church of England
Anglican beliefs are summarized in the Thirty-nine Articles
Elizabeth became queen and head of the English Church.

21. King Henry VIII

22. Queen Elizabeth

23. The Counter Reformation
Roman Catholic Reform Movement
Three fronts
Reformed papacy
New Monastic Orders
Council of Trent
Church’s unyielding position

24. Late Mannerism and the Baroque
Influenced by the Counter-Reformation
Arts and music should be accessible to everyone
Sole aim of art was to serve the Church
A simplified art that spoke to the masses
This didn’t happen until the Baroque Period
Late Mannerist art was too complex

25. El Greco His paintings embody the spirit of Late Mannerism Spanish
Spiritual vision
Elongated bodies, sharp lines, luminous colors

26. El Greco

27. El Greco

28. El Greco

29. El Greco

30. Tintoretto
Feverish, emotional style
Last Supper

31. Tintoretto

32. Tintoretto

33. Extra Credit Assignments for this Chapter
Read Erasmus, In Praise of Folly and write a response
Read Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses and write a response
Read Hamlet or watch a version of Hamlet and write a response

34. Required Assignments for this chapter
Watch Luther DVD and write a response