1. Chemistry 232 Multicomponent Phase Equilibria

2. Raoult’s Law Variation in the total vapour pressure of a two component liquid mixture according to Raoult’s Law PB*PB* PA*PA* vapour liquid XAXA

3. The Variation in Terms of Gas Phase Mole Fractions y A the vapour phase mole fraction of A. PB*PB* yAyA PA*PA* vapour liquid

4. A Liquid-vapour Phase Diagram composition axis: PB*PB* ZAZA PA*PA* vapour liquid

5. A Blow-up of the Two-phase Region

6. Moving Down an Isopleth isopleth - constant total composition lever rule:nl = l’n’ ZAZA b d liquid vapour n n’ P (torr) 200 250 300 350 450 0.251.000.75 0.50 0.0 a c e l l’

7. Temperature-composition Phase Diagrams TA*TA* TB*TB* ZAZA T / K xAxA yAyA

8. Simple Distillation of Liquid Mixtures Vapour at composition a’ 2 is condensed, it becomes richer in the more volatile component. TA*TA* TB*TB* ZAZA T / K a1a1 boilcondense a2a2 a’ 2 a3a3

9. Fractional Distillations Repeat the evaporation and condensation cycle!

10. Azeotropes A low boiling azeotrope.

11. Azeotropes A High Boiling Azeotrope

12. Liquid-Liquid Phase Diagrams T UC - the upper critical temperature. T / K T uc XAXA a’l ’a``l `` tie-line F`=2 F`=1

13. Liquid-Liquid Phase Diagrams T LC - the lower critical temperature. T / K F`=2 XAXA T LC a’l ’a``l `` tie-line F`=1

14. Liquid-Liquid Phase Diagrams A system exhibiting and upper and a lower critical solution temperature! T / K XAXA T LC T UC

15. The distillation of partially miscible liquids Complete miscibility occurs before boiling commences. T / K ZAZA vapour 1 phase liquid 2 phase liquid L + V a1a1 a2a2 a’ 2

16. The distillation of partially miscible liquids Liquids remain immiscible even up to the boiling temperature. ZAZA T / K vapour 1 phase liquid 2 phase liquid L + V bac

17. Liquid-Solid Phase Diagrams Freezing points of solutions are dependent on the compositions of the solutions! We have already examined briefly the freezing point depression of dilute soutions. where  fus,A H = enthalpy of fusion of A T A and T * A are the freezing points of the solution and pure A, respectively.

18. The Liquidus Curve for B in A For a solution of B in liquid A. T/K T* A XAXA liquid solid liquidus curve

19. The Liquidus Curve for A in B For a solution of A in liquid B. T/K T* B XAXA liquid solid liquidus curve

20. The S-L Phase Diagram Overlapping the curves leads to the liquid-solid phase diagram for A and B. liquid solid B + solution T* A solid A + solid B solid A + solution eutectic T* B

21. A Blow-up of the Two-phase Region Tie lines connect the liquid phase of specified composition in equilibrium with either solid A or B. liquid solid B + solution T* B solid A + solid B solid A + solution eutectic tie line T* A