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Published byBasil Griffin Modified over 9 years ago
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Chapter 4 Section 1 and 2
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Introduction 1861: Hermann von Meyer found a fossil imprint of a feather A month later he found a skeleton surrounded by a clear imprint of the feathers
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Introduction
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Archaeopteryx Lived about 145 million years ago Looked like a reptile with wings Mouthful of teeth – modern birds don’t Long, bony tail – modern bones don’t Feathers – reptiles don’t Descended from some kind of reptile possibly a dinosaur
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What is a Bird? Characteristics: Endothermic Vertebrate Has feathers 4-chambered heart Lays eggs
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What is a Bird? Have scales on their feet and legs Most birds fly Have wings made of nearly hollow bones
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Feathers What did feathers evolve from? Reptile’s scales Both are made of the same tough material as our fingernails
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Feathers What are the 2 types of feathers? Contour Down
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Contour Feathers Large feathers that give shape to a bird’s body The feathers that extend beyond the body on the wings and tail are flight feathers Balance and steering
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Contour Feathers
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Parts of a Contour Feather Central shaft Hair-like projections called barbs Arranged parallel to each other Pulling apart the barbs unzips the surface of a flat wing Preening: Pull the barbs back together to smooth the feather
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Down Feathers Short, fluffy feathers that are used to trap heat and keep the bird warm Found right next to the skin – base of the contour feathers Soft and flexible
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Down Feathers Insulator: Material that does not conduct heat well and traps prevent it from escaping Air is the insulator for birds Trap a blanket of warm air next to their skin
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Food and Body Temperature How do birds capture food? Bills The shape helps them feed quickly and efficiently
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Food and Body Temperature Hawk Curved bill Acts like a meat hook Holds prey with claws and rips the flesh off with its bills
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Food and Body Temperature Woodpecker Straight, sharp bill Chips into wood Spears insects with its long, barbed tongue
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Food and Body Temperature Digestion Crop: Storage tank for food before swallowing Stomach: Chemicals added to start to break food down Gizzard: Partially digested food is ground up Stones help to grind food by rubbing against the food and crushing it
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Food and Body Temperature
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Endothermic – maintain their own body temperature They need a lot of energy to maintain their body temperature A lot of energy is used in flight They eat about a quarter of their body weight in food every day!
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Oxygen They need oxygen to release the energy in food How do birds get oxygen? Air sacs which connect to lungs Enable birds to extract much more oxygen from each breath of air than other animals
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Oxygen
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Circulation
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Chambers of the heart: 2 Atria 2 ventricles Right side pumps blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart on the left side Pumps out to the body to deliver oxygen
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Circulation Advantage of a 4-chambered heart No mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen- rich blood Blood arriving to tissues has plenty of oxygen
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Nervous System and Senses Do birds have quick or slow reactions? Quick – to be able to land safely and avoid crashing into branches and trees Well-developed brain and finely-tuned senses of sight and hearing Well-developed brain for flying, singing, and finding food
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Reproduction Internal or external? Internal – lay eggs Harder shells then a reptile
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Reproduction What do eggs need to develop? Need the warm from a parent to develop Parents incubate the eggs by sitting on them In some species 1 bird does the incubating In other species they alternate incubating
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Reproduction Length of incubation There is no set length Sparrows take 12 days Chicks take 21 days Albatross eggs take 80 days The bigger the bird the longer the incubation
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Reproduction and Care How does a bird hatch? Pecks its way out of the egg Some are featherless, blind, and weak Others are covered with down and can run right away Parents provide protection and food until the baby can fly
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Diversity Most diverse land-dwelling vertebrates 10,000 species Adaptations Long legs Toes adapted to perch Bills used to filter food from water
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Importance What do birds provide? Food Feathers – stuff pillows and clothing Carry pollen for flowers Carry seeds Eat pest animals
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