1. Renewable Energy Integration http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/images/left.gifhttp://www.re-energy.ca/ Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder

2. Agenda Current and future sources of energy What’s best? Distributed Generation

3. World primary energy consumption BP website (BP.com)BP.com

4. World Energy Consumption to 2025 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html

5. Energy Forecasts by Sector http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html

6. Primary energy consumed per capita BP website (BP.com)BP.com

7. World Primary Energy per Capita http://www.newint.org/issue284/facts.html

8. Oil & Gas Production Forecasts Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

9. Global Fossil Carbon Emissions Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

10. Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Wikipedia.orgWikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

12. Fossil Fuels BP website (BP.com)BP.com

13. Petroleum http://www.lakesoil.com.au/photo6.jpg

14. Natural Gas http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/222.asp www.citypublicservice.com

15. Coal http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.asp?id=fow&num=30

16. Tar Sands http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htmhttp://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm

17. Oil Shale http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104

18. Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution Create carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) when burned Implicated in global warming Nitrous oxides (NO x ) – smog Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) – acid rain Measurable amounts of radioactive material Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant

19. Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant CategoryPower Plant100W Light Bulb Power500 MW100 W Energy / year3.5 billion kWh876 kWh Coal / year1.43 million tons714 lbs Sulfur Dioxide / year10,000 Tons5 pounds Nitrogen Oxides / year10,200 Tons5.1 pounds Carbon Dioxide / year3,700,000 Tons1,852 pounds

20. CO 2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

21. Carbon Sequestration Options http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html

22. Ocean Sequestration http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html

23. Polk Power Station – Tampa http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct5.html

24. FutureGen

25. Nuclear Energy

26. Nuclear Energy Consumption

27. US Production Cost Comparison http://www.nei.org

28. Spent Fuel Cooling Pool http://www.uic.com.au/opinion6.html

29. Yucca Mountain Cross Section http://www.nrc.gov/waste/hlw-disposal/design.html

30. Transportation Concerns http://www.nei.org/http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=2&catid=84

31. Anti-Nuclear Ad http://perth.indymedia.org/storyuploads/13114/en_4b.jpg

32. Hydropower http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg

33. Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams

34. Wind Energy

35. US Wind Energy Capacity

36. 2003 1.8 MW 350’ 2000 850 kW 265’ 2006 5 MW 600’ Recent Capacity Enhancements

37. 38 cents/kWh Costs Nosedive  Wind’s Success 3.5-5.0 cents/kWh Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit

38. Solar Energy http://www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales

39. Large Scale Solar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

40. Small Scale Solar

41. Solar Cell Production Volume http://sharp-world.com/solar/generation/images/graph_2004.gif Sharp Corporation

42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nrel_best_research_pv_cell_efficiencies.png PV Cell Efficiencies

43. Solar Thermal Energy http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/re-kiosk/solar/solar-thermal/case-studies/central-receiver.shtml

44. Oceanic Energy

45. Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines) Direct drive to generator No gearboxes Gravity base Versus a bored foundation Fixed pitch turbine blades Improved reliability But trades off efficiency http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm

46. Cross Section of a Tidal Barrage http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidal.html

47. Tapered Channel (Tapchan) http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.html

48. LIMPET Oscillating Water Column Completed 2000 Scottish Isles Two counter-rotating Wells turbines Two generators 500 kW max power Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

49. “Mighty Whale” Design – Japan http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/

50. Ocean Wave Conversion System http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html

51. World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW) Source Tides Waves Currents OTEC 1 Salinity World electric 2 World hydro Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2,700 3 5,000 200,000 1,000,000 4,000 Practical (est) 20 GW 500 50 40 NPA 4 2,800 550 1 Temperature gradients 2 As of 1998 3 Along coastlines 4 Not presently available Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005

52. Geothermal Energy Plant Geothermal energy plant in Iceland http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/

53. Geothermal Site Schematic Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 nd edition, 2004

54. Methods of Heat Extraction http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html

55. Global Geothermal Sites http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe.jpg

56. Bioenergy Cycle http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

57. Types of Biomass

58. Municipal Solid Waste http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg

59. Landfill Gasses Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

61. Hydrogen Economy Schematic

62. Electrolysis of Water (H 2 O) http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/edu_k-12/9-12/fc_energy/make_your_own_hydrogen_results.html

63. Hydrogen Economy

64. Transporting Hydrogen

65. UNIDO-ICHET Projection http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

66. What to do? What’s best?

67. Distributed Generation

68. Centralized vs. Distributed Generation http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary.htm

69. US Net Energy Flows http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/USenergyFlow99-quads_Internet.jpg

70. Power Generation Efficiency http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

71. Central Power Generation (today) Remote, Large, Expensive Long Distance Delivery Fossil Fuel Plants Waste Heat (Nuclear) Environment Unfriendly (Co2) Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg) Nuclear Plants Waste Disposal Hydroelectric Plants Flooding Unreliable (2000-2003) 110 Grid Failures Cost $80-123 B./Yr Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

72. Current Power Industry - Opinion Monopolies Regulated No competition Ossified Expensive Inefficient Unreliable Unfriendly “Time has come for an energy revolution” http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

73. Distributed Generation Located next to user Range of energy sources Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Hydrogen, nuclear Capacity kw –Mw Economic benefits “Waste” heat used Lowers fossil fuel use Low investment Power failure losses eliminated Environmental/ health costs reduced Grid costs – peak/capital Lower electric bills Flexibility of location Cogeneration Combined heat & power (CHP) Micropower http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

74. Opinions Regarding DG DG Can Play a Key Role Where reliability is crucial- emergency capacity Alternative to local network expansion Opinions “Has potential to fundamentally alter structure and organization of our electric power system” (IEA) “Micropower passes nuclear as technology of choice for new plants globally. We really could be seeing the revival of Edison’s dream” (VVV) “The era of monopolization, centralization and other regulation has started to give way to market forces in electricity” (VVV) United States today 931 DG Plants Deliver 72,800 MW 8.1% Of total US Power http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

75. Sources of DG Solar – photovoltaic and thermal Wind Turbines Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) Geothermal Oceanic Nuclear Fossil Fuels Combined Heat & Power (CHP) http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

76. CG vs. DG Today CGDG Waste Energy %6710 Delivered Electricity %3390 Total Costs ($) Generation 4.25.2 T & D 6.60.6 Total 10.85.8 CO 2 X0.5X Oil Equivalent (BB)Y-122 Fossil Fuel Sales (Trillions $)Z-2.87 http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

77. CG vs. DG in 2020 CGDG Capital$B831504 Total Power Cost$B14555 Unit Power Cost ¢/kWh8.65.5 Emissions CO 2 X0.5X NO x A0.4A SO 2 B0.1B http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

78. Enabling DG Technologies

79. Microturbines Low to moderate initial capital cost Fuel flexibility, burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene) Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP Extremely low air emissions NOx, CO, and SOx Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60- kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.

80. Microturbine Systems http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microturbine.htm http://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbines.html

81. Micro-Hydro http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_expertise http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs46.htm

82. Porker Power – Lamar Colorado http://www.state.co.us/oemc/programs/distributed/ Video

83. Distributed Generation Summary

84. Advantages of DG Local positioning avoids transmission and distribution losses Generation adjacent to loads allows convenient use of heat energy Combined heat and power (CHP) Local positioning enables available sources of energy to be used, Waste products or renewable resources may be easily utilized to supplement fossil fuels Local positioning allows the use of available single or three phase generation http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm

85. Disadvantages of DG Disadvantages Conventional distribution systems need adequate protection in order to accommodate exchange of power Signaling for dispatch of resources becomes extremely complicated Connection and revenue contracts are difficult to establish Issues with DG The use of “Net Power” in certain areas of the US Power companies must by power from distributors a market rates IEEE 1547 standard, still under formulation Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric power systems Safety concerns with energy generated from multiple sources System protection under two way exchange of power http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm

86. Extra Slides

87. Ramgen Fossil Fuel Generator http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/distgen/ramgen.html