1. Toulmin analysis of arguments over censorship in science

2. Claim Grounds Qualifier Warrant Backing Rebuttal What do you have to go on? How sure are you? What’s your point? How did you get from grounds to claim? What supports your warrant? Are there any exceptions to your claim? Components of Argument:

3. Beverly Dale is entitled to vote at town meetings. Claim

4. Beverly Dale is entitled to vote at town meetings. Beverly Dale is a local taxpayer. Grounds Claim

5. Beverly Dale is entitled to vote at town meetings. Beverly Dale is a local taxpayer. So, presumably Claim Grounds Qualifier

6. Beverly Dale is entitled to vote at town meetings. Beverly Dale is a local taxpayer. So, presumably All local taxpayers are normally entitled to vote at town meetings. Claim Grounds Qualifier Warrant

7. Beverly Dale is entitled to vote at town meetings. Beverly Dale is a local taxpayer. So, presumably All local taxpayers are normally entitled to vote at town meetings. Relevant legal and constitutional statues provide for suffrage. Claim Grounds Qualifier Warrant Backing

8. Beverly Dale is entitled to vote at town meetings. Beverly Dale is a local taxpayer. So, presumably Unless she is a noncitizen, a minor, a lunatic, or other disqualified person. All local taxpayers are normally entitled to vote at town meetings. Relevant legal and constitutional statues provide for suffrage. Claim Grounds Qualifier Warrant Backing Rebuttal

9. ClaimGrounds Warrant Backing Rebuttal Qualifier

11. Read, Timothy D., et al., 2003. “The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria,” Nature 423, 81-86 (1 May 2003).

12. “The life science community should take the lead in partnering with national security professionals to draft guidelines for identifying research of concern and weighing the benefits to national security against the cost to open communication of future life science discovery.” J. B. Petro, Joint Military Intelligence College, Bolling AFB, Washington, DC.

13. “Placing major new barriers in the path of the free flow of scientific information will ultimately undermine our best defenses against bioterrorism and, ironically compromise the public health that we are trying to protect.” Abigail Salyers, president of the American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

14. Censorship of scientific communication would yield a false sense of security from bioterrorism. Claim

15. Censorship of scientific communication would yield a false sense of security from bioterrorism. Claim Effective public response to inhalation anthrax was delayed because of lack of knowledge about anti- clumping agents. So, it is reasonable to conclude that Grounds Qualifier

16. Censorship of scientific communication would yield a false sense of security from bioterrorism. Claim Effective public response to inhalation anthrax was delayed because of lack of knowledge about anti- clumping agents. So, it is reasonable to conclude that Grounds Qualifier Warrant The public depends on science for life- saving and life-improving therapeutics.

17. Censorship of scientific communication would yield a false sense of security from bioterrorism. Claim Effective public response to inhalation anthrax was delayed because of lack of knowledge about anti- clumping agents. So, it is reasonable to conclude that Grounds Qualifier Since its inceptions science has served the public. Warrant The public depends on science for life- saving and life-improving therapeutics. Backing Salyers, A., 2002. Science, Censorship, and Public Health, Science, 296, 26 April 2002, p. 617.

18. Scientists should weigh the benefits to national security against the cost to open communication. Claim

19. Scientists should weigh the benefits to national security against the cost to open communication. Claim Documents recovered from an al Qaida training camp in Afghanistan in 2001 included research articles on the production of Bacillus anthracis. So, it is reasonable to conclude that Grounds Qualifier

20. Scientists should weigh the benefits to national security against the cost to open communication. Claim Documents recovered from an al Qaida training camp in Afghanistan in 2001 included research articles on the production of Bacillus anthracis. So, it is reasonable to conclude that Grounds Qualifier Warrant National security community regards possession of research publications on biological toxins as a sign of terrorist intent.

21. Scientists should weigh the benefits to national security against the cost to open communication. Claim Documents recovered from an al Qaida training camp in Afghanistan in 2001 included research articles on the production of Bacillus anthracis. So, it is reasonable to conclude that Grounds Qualifier National security community has a need to restrict access to science for the public safety. Warrant National security community regards possession of research publications on biological toxins as a sign of terrorist intent. Backing Petro, James B., and David A. Relman, 2003. Understanding Threats to Scientific Openness, Science, 302, 12 December 2003, p. 1898.