1. Development and Reliability of Standard Land Development Models Robert Pitt 1, Celina Bochis 2, and Geosyntec Project Team Members 1 Cudworth Professor of Urban Water Systems, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa 2 Former Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

2. Land Development Surveys Land development characteristics for different land uses have been collected for many locations throughout the US as part of stormwater research projects, stormwater management plans, and model calibration efforts. This information was collated and statistically evaluated to identify similarities and trends in the major land use features for different locations in the country as part of this EPA Standards Development Process. WinSLAMM used this information along with data from the National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD) to develop regional calibrations and to evaluate different stormwater management alternatives.

3. Example Field Data Collection for Development Characteristics for Different Land Uses in an Area Delineation of the watersheds and neighborhoods Single land use neighborhood surveys: 6 to 12 per study area land use to determine the variability of the development characteristics Site Inventory has 2 parts: –Field data collection –Aerial photographic measurements of different land covers Each site has at least two photographs taken (now supplemented with Google Street View): –one as a general view –one as a close-up of the street texture and gutter/curb interface

4. Field Inventory Sheet Prepared for Each Neighborhood When in the field we look for: 1. Roof types (flat or pitched) and material (now supplemented by small drone cameras) 2. Roof connections (connected, disconnected) 3. Pavement conditions and texture (smooth, intermediate, rough) 4. Storm drainage type (grass swales, curb and gutters, and roof drains)

5. Village Creek Site (SWMA 002) Birmingham, AL

6. Example of 1 m monochromatic aerial photograph (USGS photo)

7. Example of high resolution color satellite image (Google)

8. General Land Use Categories (modified based on local definitions and project needs) Residential (separated by development age and veg type) –High, medium, low density –Apartments, multi- family units Commercial –Strip commercial, shopping centers –Office parks, downtown business district Industrial –Manufacturing (power plants, steel mills, cement plants) –Non-manufacturing (warehouses) –Medium and Heavy Industrial (lumber yards, junk and auto salvage yards, storage areas) Institutional –Schools, churches, hospitals, nursing homes Open Space –Parks, cemeteries, golf courses –Vacant spaces, undeveloped areas Freeway

9. High Density Residential Area, with and without extensive vegetation

10. High Rise Residential Apartments

11. Open Space: Cemetery Freeway

12. Light Industrial Area (Warehouses ) Scrap yard and Storage Area

13. Institutional School Strip Commercial

14. Little Shades Creek Watershed Average Land Cover Distribution High Density Residential (6 houses/acre) TIA = 25% DCIA = 15% TR-55 = 52 - 65%

15. TIA = 20% DCIA = 15% TR-55 = 25-52% TIA = 10% DCIA = 6.7% TR-55 = 20-25% TIA = 61% DCIA = 60% TR-55 = 85% TIA = 67% DCIA = 64% TR-55 = 85%

16. Little Shades Creek and Jefferson Co. Drainage Areas: DCIA by Land Use

17. Great Lakes East Coast South East Central North West South West National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD) and Geographical Calibration Areas 17

18. LAND USE TOTAL EVENTS PERCENTAGE Residential2,97935 Mixed Residential1,24515 Commercial1,28815 Mixed Commercial5256 Institutional1151 Industrial88710 Mixed Industrial2693 Freeway7639 Open Space4045 TOTAL8,602100 Number of Events and Land Use Coverage in NSQD ver. 3

19. NSQD Data: These grouped box-whisker plots sort all of the data by land use. Kruskal-Wallis analyses indicate that all constituents have at least one significantly different category from the others. Heavy metal differences are most obvious.

20. NSQD data: Residential area concentrations grouped by EPA rain zones. Zones 1- 4 are east half of country, zones 5-9 are western half of country. Zones 3 and 7 are the wettest zones.

21. Commer.Indus.Instit.Open Space Resid.Freeways/ Highways Total by Region Central42415319 East Coast31112311 Great Lakes (the USGS/DNR files) 644211431 Northwest21113311 Southeast72358429 Southwest51112313 Total by Land Use 271114113120114 Number of Standard Land Use Files Used for Each Category 21 Many study areas throughout the US had detailed land development information and concurrent stormwater quality data and were organized by geographical area and land use:

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23. Rainfall Distribution Modeling for Different Locations and Land Uses Can be used to establish treatment goals for a targeted annual runoff objective: -About 90% of the annual runoff corresponds to a rain depth from about 1.5 to 3.5 inches -About 70% of the annual runoff corresponds to a rain depth from about 0.75 to 2 inches

24. Source Area Modeling Identifies Major Sources of Flows and Pollutants for Critical Events: - As expected, directly connected impervious areas are the major runoff sources for up to about 2 inch rains in residential areas, but then landscaped areas are more important. They are always important in most commercial and industrial areas.

25. ArcGIS and WinSLAMM Typically user might use GIS to develop source areas and then manually enter values into the WinSLAMM interface Developing databases and tools to automate that process ArcSLAMM tool will produce WinSLAMM compliant databases per drainage or catchment area which can then be run in batch mode through WinSLAMM

27. Conclusions Standard land use information and associated development characteristics affect stormwater quality and quantity. Surface coverage of different elements in each land use do not vary as much throughout the country as does random variations in directly connected imperviousness. Obtaining regional standard land use information is a good investment, but it requires field work and evaluation of aerial imaging.

28. Conclusions (cont.) Historical tools used to automate the collection of this information was found to result in significant errors. Newer high resolution tools (such as 6 inch LiDAR, light detection and ranging) has been shown to be quite effective in the collection of most of this data, but field surveys are still needed for supplemental information.