1. The Evolution to the Computer History Museum … Out of the Closet http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/tcmwebpage/outoftheclosetv2.3.pdf describes the evolution of The Computer Museum to the Computer History Museum http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/tcmwebpage/outoftheclosetv2.3.pdf Gordon Bell Vanguard, San Jose 22 February 2012

2. Outline Background: History of the museums. On collecting artifacts and stories… Just before it is put in the junque and the pioneer’s decease. The 15 pioneers and pioneer computers Three stories about the artifacts Tour: Alcoves, Docents, and Mona Lisa's

3. Computer History Museum Timeline 1982 TDCM becomes The Computer Museum (TCM) and granted non-profit status 1979 The Digital Computer Museum (TDCM) founded; DEC, Marlborough, MA 1984 November 13 TCM opens to the public 1987 First TCM Fellow Awards honoring Grace Murray Hopper 1988 TCM signs agreement with Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History and Division of Computers, Information, And Society; develops common catalog and database of both collections 1983 Fall – The Computer Museum relocates to Museum Wharf 300 Congress Street, Boston, MA, as an independent non-profit institution 1988 First annual “Computer Bowl” Quiz show fund-raiser; Brainchild of Steve Coit and Gwen Bell 1996 The Computer Museum History Center (TCMHC) formed in Mountain View, CA; First half of TCM collection moved to CA. 1999 July 1 – TCM closes doors at Museum Wharf; joins forces with Museum of Science, Boston. TCMHC becomes independent non-profit entity. 1990 Early ’90’s – Computer Milestones Exhibit opens as landmark framework for preservation of computing history 1998 September 30 – First TCMHC Fellow Awards held in California 2000 February – Final collection items travel from Boston To Moffett Field; Collection doubles To 4,000 artifacts; 10,000 images; 4,000 linear feet of documentation 2000 TCMHC becomes the Computer History Museum (CHM) 2002 Computer History Museum purchases 1401 North Shoreline Blvd – land & building; Mountain View, Calif. 2003 CHM Alpha Phase Open House 9,000 sq.ft. visible storage; 500 key Objects; 400-person auditorium, Donor acknowledgement walls 1980 1990 2000 2002 Computer History Museum reaches halfway mark in cash and pledges toward $100 million capital and endowment campaign 2005 Chess Exhibit 2007 Off-Site Warehouse Purchase 2008 Babbage Engine 2 Exhibit 2011 Timeline Exhibit Opens 1975 1975 Museum Project Exhibit Bldg 12 Lobby; Digital Equipment Corp

4. Computer History Museum Timeline 1971—Bell and Newell Computer Structures. Computer examples & taxonomy 1975 – Generations Exhibit with voice-slides, DEC Building-12 Lobby Closet 1979 – The Digital Computer Museum (TDCM) Founded and Opens, DEC MR-2, PMS taxonomy, technology generations, and computer classes 1982 – TDCM becomes The Computer Museum (TCM), 501c(3) non-profit 1984 – TCM Opens to the public in Boston 1990 – Computer Milestones Exhibit opens 1996 – The Computer Museum History Center (TCMHC), Moffett Field warehouse 1999 – TCMHC becomes independent non-profit entity 2000 - TCM Acquired. TCMHC becomes the Computer History Museum (CHM) 2002 – CHM reaches halfway mark in cash and pledges towards $100 million capital and endowment campaign 2002 – CHM purchases permanent home, 1401 Shoreline Blvd., Mt. View, CA 2003 – CHM Alpha Phase Open House 2005 – Chess Exhibit 2007 – Off-site warehouse purchase 2008 – Babbage Engine 2 Exhibit 2011 – Timeline Exhibit OPENS

6. Computer Structures Book Bell and Newell, 1971 A “Linnaean” taxonomy for computer types PMS for Processor-Memory-Switch: A functional notation and structure for naming and describing all information processing systems including computers, networks, etc.

7. Six Phases: Serendipity “On building a Museum, time is your friend. Just wait.” gbell “Chance Favors the Prepared Mind” – Pasteur 1.Concept and seed: Collectors and Preservers (xxx - 1975) Founded on collecting: Smithsonian was inadequate. Science & Deutsches Museums. Belief that we could build the world’s best Computer Museum. 2.Alpha: The Museum in a Closet Project, Digital (1975) 3.Beta: The Digital Computer Museum, Digital (1979-1984) Maurice Wilkes Opening Lecture, followed by 15 Pioneers

8. The Digital Computer Museum, Marlboro MA 6,000 sq. ft. of exhibits

9. The Digital Computer Museum Five founding principles from 1983 Report 1.Historical preservation. “To that end, the P,M,S notation forms the basis of the taxonomy determining the extent of the kingdom of computing and providing guidelines for exhibits.” 2.A lecture series for the computing pioneers and contributors to record their stories. “Thus, we are giving the podium to people who can give first-hand biographies of machines, programs and languages they have known.” 3.“The focal point of the Museum is the machines themselves.” Frank Oppenheimer stated: "Well-engineered machines speak eloquently …. Museum designers can't equal them" 4.A main “audience of computer scientists, programmers, history buffs, and those with a curiosity about computer evolution” 5.“Broad-based involvement by maintaining a working relationship between the enthusiastic volunteers, donors of artifacts, patrons, students, scholars and a staff that can keep stirring the soup”.

10. The Computer Museum Report, Summer 1983

11. First 15 of the 45 Marlboro lectures Italics denote artifact acquisition VIDEO CAPTURE Was ESSENTIAL… We did too few…. 1.Maurice Wilkes: The Design and Use of EDSAC, Sept. 24th, 1979 2.George Stibitz The Development, Design and Use of the Bells Labs Relay Calculators, May 8th, 1980 … 3.Jay Forrester: The Design Environment and Innovations of Project Whirlwind June 2nd, 1980 4.John Vincent Atanasoff: The Forces the Led to the Design of ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Electronic Computer November 11th, 1980 5.Konrad Zuse: Designing and Developing the Z1-Z4 March 4th, 1981 6.James Wilkinson: The Design and Use of the Pilot Ace April 14th, 1981 7.John Brainerd: Development of the ENIAC Project June 25th, 1981 8.David Edwards: The Evolution of the Early Manchester Machines Sept. 9th, 1981 9.Tommy H. Flowers: Design and Use of Colossus October 15th, 1981 10.Arthur Burks: The Origin of the Stored Program February 18th, 1982 11.Harry Huskey: From Pilot Ace to G-15 November 18th, 1982 12.Grace Hopper, The Harvard Mark I. April 14th, 1983 13.Donald Davies: Early History of Cipher Machines April 24th, 1983 14.Robert V.D. Campbell on the Harvard Mark I-IV October 23rd, 1983 15.J. Presper Eckert: ENIAC’s 40th Birthday February 13th, 1986 (at Boston)

12. Artifacts in the Marlboro Exhibit Data-operation components e.g. arithmetic units, logic circuitry, a valve from Manchester Mark I; Data-operations aka calculators e.g. abaci, slide rules, printed tables, sectors and other Navigational instruments, the Lehmer Number Sieves, a Hollerith system replica, a Napier’s Bones, a Pascaline replica, Hillis’s Tinker Toy Computer; Transducers e.g. telegraphy equipment, typewriters (subsequently discontinued), light pen, plotters; Memories e.g. Atanasoff capacitor store drum, core memories, delay lines, drums, handbooks, player piano disk, tapes, Williams tube. Computers e.g. Brigham Young U. Stretch. Bendix G-15, Burroughs ILLIAC IV, CDC 160 and 6600, Data General Nova, DEC PDP-1,5,7, 8, 11 (3 models), 12, Fairchild Symbol pioneered dual in-line IC, Honeywell ARPA IMP, IBM 1130, 1620, 7030 (Stretch), and 360/195 console, LGP-30, Lincoln Laboratory LINC and TX-0, MITS Altair, MIT Whirlwind, NASA Apollo Guidance Computer, Philco 212, Raytheon Polaris Guidance Computer, RR Solid State 80, Siemens 2002, Sperry Univac NTDS (Seymour Cray design), TI Advanced Scientific Computer, Viatron System 21, and Xerox Alto. Working: restored TX-0, PDP-1, and Marlboro’s VAX computer installation.

13. The Digital Computer Museum Board 18 member board. Six from DEC including Olsen and Bell Charlie Bachman, inventor of the Integrated Data Store Harvey Cragon, designed TI Advanced Scientific Computer Bob Everett, CEO of MITRE Corp. Les Hogan, CEO, Fairchild John Lacey, CDC Pat McGovern, founder, ComputerWorld George Michael, Livermore Computer Scientist Bob Noyce, the inventor of the IC and Intel founder Brian Randell of the University of Newcastle Mike Spock, Founder and Director of the Boston Children’s Museum Erwin Tomash of the Babbage Institute Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas

15. Six Phases: Serendipity “On building a Museum, time is your friend. Just wait.” gbell “Chance Favors the Prepared Mind” – Pasteur 1.Concept and seed: Collectors and Preservers (xxx - 1975) Founded on collecting: Smithsonian was inadequate. Science & Deutsches Museums. Belief that we could build the world’s best Computer Museum. 2.Alpha: The Museum in a Closet Project, Digital (1975) 3.Beta: The Digital Computer Museum, Digital (1979-1984) Maurice Wilkes Opening Lecture, followed by 15 Pioneers 4.Going Public I: The Computer Museum, Boston (1984-1999) Bob Noyce pre-opening lecture; J. Prespert Eckert Opened

16. The Computer Museum, Boston 1984 Annual Attendance: 135,000 Collection of over 500 of “first and early PCs” Pioneer lectures serie > Industry breakfast series Dozen major exhibits e.g. Walk Through Computer Computer Clubhouse w/MIT It didn’t die

17. The Computer Museum Boston, 13 Nov. 1984 12,000 sq. ft. Exhibit Walk-through Computer Robot Gallery, Timeline Games, Networks, Children’s Software Virtual Fish tank

18. Six Phases: Serendipity “On building a Museum, time is your friend. Just wait.” gbell “Chance Favors the Prepared Mind” – Pasteur 1.Concept and seed: Collectors and Preservers (xxx -1975) Founded on collecting: Smithsonian was inadequate. Science & Deutsches Museums. Belief that we could build the world’s best Computer Museum. 2.Alpha: The Museum in a Closet Project, Digital (1975) 3.Beta: The Digital Computer Museum, Digital (1979-1984) Maurice Wilkes Opening Lecture, followed by 15 Pioneers 4.Going Public I: The Computer Museum, Boston (1984-1999) Bob Noyce pre-opening lecture; J. Prespert Eckert Opened 5.The Computer Museum Board tires & decides to fold. A.Acquisition: Boston Museum of Science July 1999 acquires cash, name, and a few board members; and B.Spinout: Artifacts move to Silicon Valley, forming The Computer Museum History Center, Moffett Field, CA (1995- 2000)… Plan a building for a Silicon Valley Center. Sell High! (pre-.com, get commitments for $55M)

19. The Computer Museum History Center 1996-2002 Moffett Field, CA

20. Six Phases: Serendipity “On building a Museum, time is your friend. Just wait.” gbell “Chance Favors the Prepared Mind” – Pasteur 1.Concept and seed: Collectors and Preservers (xxx -1975) Founded on collecting: Smithsonian was inadequate. Science & Deutsches Museums. Belief that we could build the world’s best Computer Museum. 2.Alpha: The Museum in a Closet Project, Digital (1975) 3.Beta: The Digital Computer Museum, Digital (1979-1984) Maurice Wilkes Opening Lecture, followed by 15 Pioneers 4.Going Public I: The Computer Museum, Boston (1984-1999) Bob Noyce pre-opening lecture; J. Prespert Eckert Opened 5.Acquisition: Boston Museum of Science July 1999; and Spinout: The Computer Museum History Center, Moffett Field, CA (1995-2000)… Plan a building for a Silicon Valley Center. Sell High! (pre-.com, get commitments for $55M) 6.Going Public II: The Computer History Museum, Mountain View, (2000- present) 2002: get SGI building. Buy Low! (Get 3 x the building at 1/3 rd the cost) January 10, 2011 R|Evolution Timeline Opens

21. Computer History Museum, 2002 119,000 sq. ft.

22. Yosemite Warehouse, 2007 25,000 sq. ft. warehouse Purchased for the purpose of storing the Museum’s Collection. Located in Milpitas, CA

23. The Computer Museum Report, Summer 1983 Web Youtube KQED/NPR Education outreach

24. The Computer History Museum R|Evolution Exhibit, 25,000 sq. ft. 10 January 2011 Feigenbaum, Lenat Dave Patterson Alan Kay Dave Reed Federico Faggin Negroponte, Hawley Dubinsky, Culler Kleinrock, Lucky Peter Cochrane Chuck Thacker Babbage DE2 Working Exhibit Tim Robinson Gordon Bell Ike Nassi Dally, Smarr John Hollar, CEO Len Shustek, Chairman John Gustafson

25. Three stories John Vincent Atanasoff and the ABC: How JVA disinvented the computer and made the recipe open source Lee Boysel’s company, Four Phase Systems: How one demo was able to thwart the work of 100s of lawyers and make the microprocessor royalty-free Johnniac: How one museum’s trash became a Computer History Museum treasure

26. Story of the ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer The “first” electronic digital computer…

27. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200927 What Does It Mean to be the First Computer? An Historian’s View Michael R. Williams Served as curator at Computer History Museum

28. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200928 Historians seldom use the word “first” Project xxxxx was the first mechanical, analog, automatic, non- programmable, fully operational, calculating machine available in Northwest Washington. Use enough adjectives and you can usually be sure that whatever you create can be a “first”

29. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200929 The first computer? What is a computer? –Mechanical, electrical, relay, electronic? –Analog or digital? –Automatic or needing human intervention? –Must it be programmable? –Can the program reside on paper tape? –Fully operational or proof of concept? –Subsequent developments or dead end?

30. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200930 Other questions –Dates, which do you use: The date of when it was first thought of The date work began on a prototype The date when it first began to work The date when it was fully functional The patent date The date it was described in the literature The first computer?

31. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200931 Contenders (concept of automatic calculation) Charles Babbage Difference Engine (1822) Analytical Engine (1835) Published the concept (never had full working models) Concept also published by Johann Müller, 1786

32. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200932 First programmable machines Konrad Zuse (punched tape program) (binary, floating point) –Z1 (1938) mechanical –Z2 (1939) relay –Z3 (1941) relay –Z4 (1950) relay

33. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200933 First programmable machines Howard Aiken - Harvard Mark I (1943) (punched tape program)

34. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200934 First electronic machines Atanasoff/Berry Computer (ABC) (prototype 1939, full machine 1942) Iowa State University - binary, electronic, solved systems of linear equations, no automatic control system

35. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200935 First electronic machines ENIAC (1944) “First large scale, general purpose, digital, electronic, calculating machine” Military project 17,000 vacuum tubes Built at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania

36. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200936 First electronic machines The ABC is known as “The First Electronic Digital Computer” Designation given in 1973 by a US judge in a patent lawsuit (overturned ENIAC patent) Needs and views of patent lawyers are different from those of historians

37. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200937 First electronic computers British code breaking Colossus (1943) several in heavy use by 1944 Single purpose machine

38. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200938 First stored program computer University of Manchester “Baby” (1948) First modern electronic stored program computer Ran its first program on June 21, 1948

39. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200939 First fully usable modern computer Cambridge EDSAC (1949) Maurice Wilkes

40. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200940 Historians usually say: Everyone will have a different opinion All the pioneers made contributions that helped to create the modern computer There is certainly enough credit to go around Who gets credit?

41. COMPSAC 2009 Seattle Professor Michael R. Williams July 22, 200941 The main thing that historians will do is: Who gets credit? Document the situation but NOT ANSWER THE QUESTION!

42. But who owns the computer? Rand Kardex 1927 1955 1950 1952 1966 Sues! ENIAC patent filed 1957, issued 1964 ENIAC IBM

43. Uh-oh: Another Unknown Pioneer Atanasoff - Berry Computer (1939-1942) The ABC was the “disinvention” of the computer” – Gordon Bell

44. ABC Reconstruction: It worked! DOE Ames Lab. Led by John Gustafson

45. The first Microprocessor …make that the “first commercially available” i.e. sold as a component, microprocessor 1971 Intel establishes the market 1995 TI asserts its patents for the invention of the microprocessor, cross licensed to Intel Lee Boysel prepares to demo the Four Phase single processor chip c1969. TI folds.

46. The First Microprocessor: The microprocessor’s disinvention “One demo trumps a thousand lawyers”--Bell 1.1969 Four Phase Systems ships a byte sliced microprocessor! Board member Bob Noyce acts to interest Intel in approach. 2.1971 Intel 4004 establishes the market for component micros 3.1995 TI asserts its patents for the invention of the microprocessor, cross licensed to Intel 4.Lee Boysel prepares to demo the Four Phase single processor c1969 running as a one chip micro at TI versus Everybody trial 5.TI folds Friday before the trial, at “demo threat” Four Phase story and its “first” dis-invention http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital- logic/12/282/2291 Lee Boysel story as told by Bell http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital- logic/12/282/2291 6.Intel now, usually claims “the 4004 is the first commercially available microprocessor sold as a component”

47. by Lee Boysel, Founder, CEO, Four Phase Systems

50. From The Dump: Johnniac

51. The Computer History Museum R|Evolution Exhibit, 25,000 sq. ft. 10 January 2011 Feigenbaum, Lenat Dave Patterson Alan Kay Dave Reed Federico Faggin Negroponte, Hawley Dubinsky, Culler Kleinrock, Lucky Peter Cochrane Chuck Thacker Babbage DE2 Working Exhibit Tim Robinson Gordon Bell Ike Nassi Dally, Smarr John Hollar, CEO Len Shustek, Chairman John Gustafson

52. The Mona Lisa’s Industrial seminals (18) ENIAC, JOHNNIAC, UNIVAC LINC … first PC PDP-1 “Spacewar”, PDP-8 IBM System/360 ARPA IMP PC Collection: Apple 1..MAC, IBM PC… another 500+ Cray’s (RR, LC, 6600, Cray 1,2) Cal Tech Cosmic Cube Cluster Google Search Engine One of a kind (12) Napier’s Bones Jacquard Loom model Pascaline replica Babbage DE2 Reconstruction Hollerith replica ABC Reconstruction Core Memory #1 IBM RAMAC #1, 5 MB Disk Sqee; SRI Shakey robot Four Phase “The 1 st micro” Xerox PARC Alto,…Ethernet IBM DeepBlue Chess

53. AlcoveObject “Mona Lisa” in the exhibit By Time: Pre-Computing and Pre-Computer Industry A Calculators … (D’s)Lots of early artifacts, especially Babbage DE2; HP35 or Bowmar C Analog Computers D’s no storageNorden Bombsight B Punched Cards (M’s & Processing)Hollerith repro D Birth of the Computer (integrating M, D, and K to P) ABC Reconstruction; ENIAC, Johnniac E Early Computer CompaniesUNIVAC or Leo (the first) By Information Processing (P,M,S) Functions H Memory and Storage (M-memory)Core, RAMAC, Relational Database I Software Theater (K-control) L Digital Logic (Processing, Computers) 1 st Monolithic IC; 1 st Micro; MOS memory N Input and Output (T) TransducersSAGE and Light Pen, Mouse, WIMP 0 Computer Graphics, Music and Art … these are also I/O (T and K) Teapot S Networking and the Web (N, S, L) BBN IMP; Ethernet; Internet; web & browser; search engine

54. By Computer Class (Size x function) F Real Time Computers i.e. embedded (The invisible computer – function: K/Control) PDP-8; and Intel 4004 Every computer you never see! Pacemaker, clock, process control, automotive, etc. R Mobile Computing (These includes Links aka wireless) P Computer Games…Spacewar; PONG; Odyessy Q Personal Computers LINC; MAC; CTSS; UNIX; NT K Minicomputers8 G Mainframe Computers360 or UNIVAC I J SupercomputersFORTRAN, Cray-1 (Goliath) Cosmic Cube (“Killer Micros” are David to undo Cray), M Artificial intelligence (algorithms) and Robotics (things) Unimate, Shaky, Squee; a different kind of machine T What's Next?

55. Napier’s Bones c1700

56. Jacquard Loom Model & Weaving of Inventor

57. Pascaline Replica Arithomometer

58. It works! Photo: Doron Swade Difference Engine No. 2

60. Hollerith Solves the Census problem (Robeto Guatelli, Replica_

61. An Enigma “collected” for TCM opening

62. Edmund C. Berkeley’s Squee Robot

63. Norden Bombsight

64. Manchester Mark I, Williams Tube

65. Whirlwind Exhibit from TCM, c1990

66. Whirlwind filled a very large room

67. Whirlwind uses core memory

68. 32 x 32 Core Plane from Whirlwind c1952

69. DIY computers: the WISC Gene Amdahl University of Wisconsin-Madison 1951-1954

70. IBM 305: First Disk (5 Megabytes) c1957

71. SAGE filled a big room

72. SAGE’s UI

73. Lincoln Laboratory, LINC, c1962 (turned 50) 1 st Computer with all the PC attributes

74. CDC 6600

75. Cray-1

76. Heuristics for building a museum 1.A couple of people do it. Gwen Bell & Len Shustek … with a help. 2.Hang in … just don’t let it die!!! A couple of people can also kill it. i.Luck and serendipity favor prepared mind. ii.CHM won with sell high, buy low stategy. iii.Wait for opportunities. iv.Don’t wait: collect before its lost, person dies, or a competitor 3.A museum runs on support… it often takes years to build support 4.Boards are $critical$. a.3 G’s: Glory, Give-Back, and Greed; Or: Give, get, or get off. b.Support varies with the proximity to the object creation i.Stauches supporters are the creators-- founding creators, engineers, marketing, sales, etc. ii.Venture Capitalists bankers, PR, Marcom, accounting, legal, etc. iii.Researchers and academicians including historians iv.Major users v.Communities where museums live vi. Museum goers.

77. References for The Computer Museum (TCM) Paper from Brian Randell’s Festschrift: http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/tcmwebpage/outoftheclosetv2.3.pdfhttp://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/tcmwebpage/outoftheclosetv2.3.pdf Web site for TCM: http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/TCMwebpage/index.htmlhttp://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/TCMwebpage/index.html TCM Annual Report Compilation 1975-1988: http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/TCMwebpage/reports/ReportCompilation.pdfhttp://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/TCMwebpage/reports/ReportCompilation.pdf Some CyberMuseum Content from Gbell Collection: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/CyberMuseumPubs.htm Computer Pioneers – Pioneer Computers (Part 1): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qundvme1Tik http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qundvme1Tik Computer Pioneers – Pioneer Computers (Part 2): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsirYCAocZk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsirYCAocZk Report of the 15 pioneer talks (from Atanasoff to Zuse) at the museum: http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/CyberMuseum_contents/TCMR- 1983_Winter_A_Companion_to_the_Computer_Pioneer_Timeline.pdf http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/CyberMuseum_contents/TCMR- 1983_Winter_A_Companion_to_the_Computer_Pioneer_Timeline.pdf Hollerith Patent: http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/Hollerith%20patent%201889.pdfhttp://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/Hollerith%20patent%201889.pdf The Ethernet Announcement, Feb 1982. “the network becomes the system” http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/Ethernet_Seminar_Announcement_NYC_820210a.PDF http://research.microsoft.com/en- us/um/people/gbell/Ethernet_Seminar_Announcement_NYC_820210a.PDF

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