1. List animals that migrate

2. Definition A regular, seasonal movement from one area to another All classes of animals migrate

3. Insects Monarch butterfly Begin in Canada and Northern US in late August End in Central Mexico migrants are usually 3 or more generations removed from the monarchs that overwintered in Mexico during the previous winter After their season in the migratory site, the female monarch reproductive organs become fully developed and mating takes place. As they migrate north in the spring, they lay eggs on milkweed along the way

4. Mammals Deer and Caribou African ungulates Whales Subpolar to subtropical

5. amphibians Newts Natal pond Frogs

6. Fish Sharks Salmon Return to native streams to breed eels

7. Why do animals migrat? Advantages More food Water Decreased competition for Space Food Increased chance for reproduction Reduced predation Reduced parasitism Disadvantages Climate change Drought Food scarcity Predators Occasional death Increased body maintenance costs Lower rank in winter dominance hierarchy

8. How does a bird know when it is time to migrate? Internal (endogenous) – hormonal Pineal gland Brain Endocrine system Pituitary gland External (exogenous) – environment Changes in daylight Eye Visual cortex

9. How does the animal know where it is going? Orientation Navigation Environmental cues

10. How do birds migrate? Environmental cues Zugunruhe Celestial compasses navigation

11. Indigo Buntings and their use of star constellations Studied by Emlen 3 groups of chicks Chicks reared in a room with diffuse light at night Chicks reared with a normal star map that rotates around the north star Polaris chicks reared with an abnormal star map that rotates around Betelguese which is a star on the southern constellation of Orion

12. European Starlings Study Displaced juveniles No navigation Displaced adults Orientation and navigation

13. Earth’s Magnetic Field

14. Other terms Zugdispostion Zugstimmung

15. Types of bird migrations Altitudinal Gallinaceous birds Raptorial birds North – South pole Waterfowl migration

16. When does migration occur? Circaannual Circadian

17. Homework Pick an animal and map it’s migration route.