1. Nationalism and National Movements 1848- 1871

2. Nationalism Recall… 1830s: people began to recognize independent nations based on language, religion and custom. – Spain – Polish – Belgium – Greece

3. Revolutions of 1848 The year 1848 was most revolutionary in European history Many nationalist movements occurred at this time… So How did it begin???? FRANCE

4. February of 1848 February Revolution in France gave hope for other nationalists and liberals all over Europe King Louis Philippe of France represented upper class values Lower classes building discontent The King suspended political assemblies Angered Republicans who opposed him.

5. Revolution in France…again Republicans held meetings in disguise called them “banquets” 1848 government cancelled a “banquet” and outraged people pattern of revolution of 1789 repeated again Francois Guizot

6. What Happened? Army refused to shoot at civilians and the revolutionaries won! 3 days later king fled the country and Republican government was established AS A RESULT… Revolutions in Hungary, Vienna, Italy exploded England and Russia eventually become only nations to escape without national movements

7. Why England and Russia? ENGLAND Upper and middle class in England had united for stability had begun social reform – as a result of industrialization RUSSIA Russia had a strong autocracy Strong Upper class! weak middle and working class WHY WOULD THIS MATTER??

8. Revolutionary Forces Varied around Europe EXAMPLES… In Paris, workers joined with intellectuals Vienna, students and intellectuals led nationalist movements Hungary, Aristocrats fought for autonomy from Austria German states, “Revolution of intellectuals”

9. Success…or… NOT?!? By mid 1849 most of these movements had failed Lack of unity! Inability to remain united People agreed to overthrow old regimes BUT could not unite on a definition of a new one…what should it look like?

10. CONFLICTS Some workers wanted radical social changes that would instill socialism and democracy Liberals feared socialism and to much democracy (they wanted political power, right of property) Peasant class stayed loyal to church and to France had most conflict Provisional government was made up of Liberals, socialists, and constitutional monarchists HOW COULD YOU PREDICT CONFLICT?

11. National Workshops- France Provisional Government set up National Workshops to relieve people of unemployment…when liberals won the election of 1848, they closed these down. For liberals the financial strain was more important then the welfare of the people What do you think is more important? PEOPLE VS. MONEY

12. Result Workers responded by Second Revolution. This time the army supported government and fired at the people. “They supported the government against the radical Parisian workers” June Days= Paris fell into civil war- June 24-26 1848 Defeat of workers was first step back to conservatism

13. Emperor Napoleon Election of 1848 changed everything in France. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte became president of Second Republic and overthrew the constitution. He declared self as Emperor and called plebiscite, public approval

14. Nationalists saw ideas not powerful enough to create new states. Needed strong military…changed ideas in the name of realism!