1. Installment 11a. Loose ends about A-movement (Chapter 8) CAS LX 522 Syntax I

2. Projects for today Review PRO and control, with some additional evidence for PRO from Binding Theory. Review PRO and control, with some additional evidence for PRO from Binding Theory. Look at one other place where CPs appear inside other sentences: clausal adjuncts. Look at one other place where CPs appear inside other sentences: clausal adjuncts. Look at the phenomenon of “V2” languages. Look at the phenomenon of “V2” languages. Look at the structure of predicates like be happy (familiar from the homework). Look at the structure of predicates like be happy (familiar from the homework).

3. Unique  -Generalization *Dantes accused. *Dantes accused. This cannot mean Dantes accused himself, and isn’t good on its own. We concluded (back in chapter 3, p. 81), that  -role assignment is constrained by…. This cannot mean Dantes accused himself, and isn’t good on its own. We concluded (back in chapter 3, p. 81), that  -role assignment is constrained by…. The Unique  -Generalization Each  -role must be assigned but a constituent cannot be assigned more than one  -role. The Unique  -Generalization Each  -role must be assigned but a constituent cannot be assigned more than one  -role. So, presume that’s true. So, presume that’s true.

4. PRO Jack tried to capture Nina Jack tried to capture Nina Here, capture has two  -roles (Agent and Theme), and try has two  -roles (Agent and Proposition). Intuitively, Jack is the Agent of both the trying and the capturing. But assuming that the Unique  - Generalization is true, this can’t be: Jack can’t be getting two  -roles. Here, capture has two  -roles (Agent and Theme), and try has two  -roles (Agent and Proposition). Intuitively, Jack is the Agent of both the trying and the capturing. But assuming that the Unique  - Generalization is true, this can’t be: Jack can’t be getting two  -roles. Something must be getting the Agent  -role of capture (Jack is pretty clearly getting the Agent  -role of try), but we can’t see it. Something must be getting the Agent  -role of capture (Jack is pretty clearly getting the Agent  -role of try), but we can’t see it. Conclusion: There’s something we can’t see there, getting the Agent  -role of capture. It’s a little bit like a silent pronoun, so we call it PRO. Conclusion: There’s something we can’t see there, getting the Agent  -role of capture. It’s a little bit like a silent pronoun, so we call it PRO.

5. PRO Jack tried [ to PRO capture Nina ] Jack tried [ to PRO capture Nina ] PRO must be there to satisfy the U  G. PRO must be there to satisfy the U  G. But something must be there in the specifier of TP: T always (except maybe in Irish and Arabic) has a [uD*] feature to check (the “EPP”). But something must be there in the specifier of TP: T always (except maybe in Irish and Arabic) has a [uD*] feature to check (the “EPP”). Since Jack tried to capture Nina is grammatical, we also need PRO to move to SpecTP to satisfy the EPP. Since Jack tried to capture Nina is grammatical, we also need PRO to move to SpecTP to satisfy the EPP.

6. PRO Jack tried [ PRO to capture Nina ] Jack tried [ PRO to capture Nina ] So, we have two deep principles of the grammar that point to a need for PRO in this sentence. So, we have two deep principles of the grammar that point to a need for PRO in this sentence. Unique  -Generalization Unique  -Generalization EPP (T has a [uD*] feature) EPP (T has a [uD*] feature) PRO acts a bit like an anaphor, in that it must corefer with the subject of the higher verb (try is a subject control verb). PRO acts a bit like an anaphor, in that it must corefer with the subject of the higher verb (try is a subject control verb).

7. PRO Here’s one last argument for PRO being there. Here’s one last argument for PRO being there. Jack hoped [ PRO to see Kim ] Jack hoped [ PRO to see Kim ] Jack hoped [ that Kim would be safe ] Jack hoped [ that Kim would be safe ] *Jack hoped [ that Kim would find himself ] *Jack hoped [ that Kim would find himself ] Jack hoped [ that Kim would exonerate herself ] Jack hoped [ that Kim would exonerate herself ] Principle A: An anaphor must be bound in its binding domain. Principle A: An anaphor must be bound in its binding domain. Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate himself ] Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate himself ] Jack hoped [ that Chase would exonerate him ] Jack hoped [ that Chase would exonerate him ] Principle B: A pronoun must be free in its binding domain. Principle B: A pronoun must be free in its binding domain. Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate him ] Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate him ]

8. PRO So, we have pretty good evidence for PRO, despite its invisibility: So, we have pretty good evidence for PRO, despite its invisibility: We believe T has a [uD*] feature (EPP). We believe T has a [uD*] feature (EPP). Every TP needs a specifier. Every TP needs a specifier. We believe the Unique  -generalization. We believe the Unique  -generalization. No DP can get two different  -roles. No DP can get two different  -roles. Binding Theory reacts as if something is there serving as a binder. Binding Theory reacts as if something is there serving as a binder.

9. Subject control v. object control Subject control verbs take a nonfinite complement, with PRO as the subject, and PRO must refer to the higher subject. Subject control verbs take a nonfinite complement, with PRO as the subject, and PRO must refer to the higher subject. Gael tried [ PRO to disarm the bomb ] Gael tried [ PRO to disarm the bomb ] Object control verbs are ditransitives that take an object and a nonfinite complement, with PRO as the subject, and PRO must refer to the higher object. Object control verbs are ditransitives that take an object and a nonfinite complement, with PRO as the subject, and PRO must refer to the higher object. David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ] David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ]

10. Persuasion and promises Not all ditransitive control verbs are object control verbs. Not all ditransitive control verbs are object control verbs. Though all object control verbs are ditransitives. Though all object control verbs are ditransitives. David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ] David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ] David promised Sherry [ PRO to run for office ] David promised Sherry [ PRO to run for office ] Chase asked Jack [ PRO to be allowed to continue ] Chase asked Jack [ PRO to be allowed to continue ] Chase asked Jack [ PRO to get off his case ] Chase asked Jack [ PRO to get off his case ] Whether a verb is a subject control verb or an object control verb is an individual property of the verb. Promise is recorded in our lexicon as a subject control verb, persuade as an object control verb. Whether a verb is a subject control verb or an object control verb is an individual property of the verb. Promise is recorded in our lexicon as a subject control verb, persuade as an object control verb.

11. ECM verbs ECM verbs also take infinitive complements, but with an overt subject (that checks accusative case with the ECM verb). ECM verbs also take infinitive complements, but with an overt subject (that checks accusative case with the ECM verb). Tony found [ Michelle to be charming ] Tony found [ Michelle to be charming ] Tony found [ that Michelle was charming ] Tony found [ that Michelle was charming ] Jack expected [ Tony to take the day off ] Jack expected [ Tony to take the day off ] Jack expected [ that Tony would take the day off ] Jack expected [ that Tony would take the day off ]

12. Raising verbs Raising verbs have no Agent/Experiencer in SpecvP, and take a nonfinite complement. The subject of the embedded complement moves into their subject position: Raising verbs have no Agent/Experiencer in SpecvP, and take a nonfinite complement. The subject of the embedded complement moves into their subject position: Jack seems [ to be tired ] Jack seems [ to be tired ] It seems [ that Jack is tired ] It seems [ that Jack is tired ] The time appears [ to have expired ] The time appears [ to have expired ] It appears [ that the time has expired ] It appears [ that the time has expired ] The President happened [ to have a pen ] The President happened [ to have a pen ] It happened [ that the President had a pen ] It happened [ that the President had a pen ]

13. Verb classes, again ECM verbs, e.g., believe, find ECM verbs, e.g., believe, find I believe [ TP him to have told the truth]. I believe [ TP him to have told the truth]. We find [ TP these truths to be self-evident ].(or hold) We find [ TP these truths to be self-evident ].(or hold) Subject control verbs, e.g., attempt, promise Subject control verbs, e.g., attempt, promise Kim k promised Jack [ CP Ø NULL PRO k to avoid kidnappers ]. Kim k promised Jack [ CP Ø NULL PRO k to avoid kidnappers ]. Kim k will try [ CP Ø NULL PRO k to avoid kidnappers ]. Kim k will try [ CP Ø NULL PRO k to avoid kidnappers ]. Object control verbs, e.g., convince, ask Object control verbs, e.g., convince, ask I convinced her k [ CP Ø NULL PRO k to drive to work]. I convinced her k [ CP Ø NULL PRO k to drive to work]. Jack asked Kim k [ CP Ø NULL PRO k to avoid kidnappers ]. Jack asked Kim k [ CP Ø NULL PRO k to avoid kidnappers ]. Raising verbs, e.g., appear, seem Raising verbs, e.g., appear, seem I appear [ TP to have missed the bus]. I appear [ TP to have missed the bus]. Jack seems [ TP to need a nap]. Jack seems [ TP to need a nap].

14. Before we finish embedded clauses… Another place we find embedded clauses is as modificational adjuncts. Another place we find embedded clauses is as modificational adjuncts. Pat ate lunch [ PP on the hill ] [ PP by the tree ] [ PP in the rain ]. Pat ate lunch [ PP on the hill ] [ PP by the tree ] [ PP in the rain ]. To express reasons and times, we also find whole CPs adjoined to our clause: To express reasons and times, we also find whole CPs adjoined to our clause: We discussed adjuncts [ CP before we finished our discussion of embedded clauses] We discussed adjuncts [ CP before we finished our discussion of embedded clauses] There’s nothing really new here, except the observation that before can have category C. There’s nothing really new here, except the observation that before can have category C. Just like after, while, during, etc. Just like after, while, during, etc.

15. Adjunct clauses: where do they go? Pat cleaned poorly yesterday. Pat cleaned poorly yesterday. #Pat cleaned yesterday poorly. #Pat cleaned yesterday poorly. Pat cleaned poorly [before Chris arrived]. Pat cleaned poorly [before Chris arrived]. #Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] poorly. #Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] poorly. Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] yesterday. Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] yesterday. Pat cleaned yesterday [before Chris arrived]. Pat cleaned yesterday [before Chris arrived]. Pat heard that [before Chris arrived] [Tracy cleaned the sink]. Pat heard that [before Chris arrived] [Tracy cleaned the sink]. Pat heard [before Chris arrived] that [Tracy cleaned the sink]. Pat heard [before Chris arrived] that [Tracy cleaned the sink].

16. Because clauses Reason clauses are also clausal adjuncts. Reason clauses are also clausal adjuncts. Because I lost the game, I left. Because I lost the game, I left. I left because I lost the game. I left because I lost the game. vP lose the game T T [past] TP DP I CP C because vP leave T T [past] TP DP I TP CP CØCØ

17. If clauses If clauses are like because clauses. If clauses are like because clauses. If he loses the game, I will leave. If he loses the game, I will leave. I will leave if he loses the game. I will leave if he loses the game. vP lose the game T T [pres] TP DP he CP C if vP leave T T will TP DP I TP CP CØCØ

18. V2 languages There are a number of languages that are classified as “verb second” or “V2” languages. They are so called because in general the (tensed) verb must be second, after the first major constituent in the sentence. There are a number of languages that are classified as “verb second” or “V2” languages. They are so called because in general the (tensed) verb must be second, after the first major constituent in the sentence. De man heeft een boek gezien gisteren.(Dutch) the man has a book seen yesterday ‘the man has seen a book yesterday.’ De man heeft een boek gezien gisteren.(Dutch) the man has a book seen yesterday ‘the man has seen a book yesterday.’ een boek heeft de man gezien gisteren. een boek heeft de man gezien gisteren. gisteren heeft de man een boek gezien. gisteren heeft de man een boek gezien. Die Kinder haben diesen Film gesehen.(German) the children have this film seen ‘The children have seen this film.’ Die Kinder haben diesen Film gesehen.(German) the children have this film seen ‘The children have seen this film.’ Diesen Film haben die Kinder gesehen. Diesen Film haben die Kinder gesehen.

19. Analyzing V2 How can we account for this? How can we account for this? Assume that in German, most things are very similar to English: Assume that in German, most things are very similar to English: The UTAH is the same (Agents in SpecvP, etc.) The UTAH is the same (Agents in SpecvP, etc.) The EPP is the same (T has a [uD*] feature; there needs to be a DP in SpecTP) The EPP is the same (T has a [uD*] feature; there needs to be a DP in SpecTP) Things to remember: Things to remember: French/Irish and English differ in whether v moves to T. French/Irish and English differ in whether v moves to T. Irish and French/English differ in whether the subject moves to SpecTP. Irish and French/English differ in whether the subject moves to SpecTP. In English yes-no questions (but not in declaratives), T moves to C. In English yes-no questions (but not in declaratives), T moves to C.

20. English Yes-No Question In a YNQ, the [Q] feature of C matches and values the [uclause-type] feature of T as strong ([Q*]). In a YNQ, the [Q] feature of C matches and values the [uclause-type] feature of T as strong ([Q*]). T moves up to adjoin to C, checking the feature. T moves up to adjoin to C, checking the feature. V perform VP DP the autopsy v v vPvP T TP DP Scully v CP C Ø [Q] C T will [Q*]

21. Analyzing V2 Since the finite verb is sometimes to the left of the subject: Since the finite verb is sometimes to the left of the subject: Diesen Roman las ich schon letztes Jahr this book read I already last year ‘I read this book already last year.’ Diesen Roman las ich schon letztes Jahr this book read I already last year ‘I read this book already last year.’ Just like it is in English YNQs: Just like it is in English YNQs: Will I get an A? Will I get an A? We can suppose that German and English differ in that when C values the [uclause-type:] feature of T, it is always strong. We can suppose that German and English differ in that when C values the [uclause-type:] feature of T, it is always strong. In fact, more natural sounding than what we have to say in English: When C values [uclause-type:] as [Q] (but not [Decl]) it’s strong. In fact, more natural sounding than what we have to say in English: When C values [uclause-type:] as [Q] (but not [Decl]) it’s strong.

22. V2…step 1 V moves to v. V moves to v. Perf moves to T. Perf moves to T. T moves to C. T moves to C. V gelesen VP DP diesen Roman v v vPvP T TP DP ich v C C Ø [Decl] C Perf+T habe [Decl*] PerfP

23. Topics The constituent that appears first in a V2 clause is generally considered to be a topic. The constituent that appears first in a V2 clause is generally considered to be a topic. Suppose that C has a topic feature [utop*] and whatever is the topic of the sentence (be it an adverb, the subject, the object) is also marked with an (interpretable) [top] feature. Suppose that C has a topic feature [utop*] and whatever is the topic of the sentence (be it an adverb, the subject, the object) is also marked with an (interpretable) [top] feature. Then this will work just like the EPP, essentially. Then this will work just like the EPP, essentially.

24. V2…step 2a The object is marked as topic. The object is marked as topic. C has a [utop*] feature. C has a [utop*] feature. V gelesen VP DP diesen Roman [top] v v vPvP T TP DP ich v C C Ø [Decl, utop*] C Perf+T habe [Decl*] PerfP

25. V2…step 2b The object moves up to SpecTP. The object moves up to SpecTP. The tensed verb is now in second position. The tensed verb is now in second position. V gelesen VP v v vPvP T TP DP ich v C C Ø [Decl, utop*] C Perf+T habe [Decl*] PerfP CP DP diesen Roman [top]

26. Embedded clauses Will John arrive late? Will John arrive late? I wonder if John will arrive late. I wonder if John will arrive late. Er sagte dass ich schon letztes Jahr diesen Roman las he said that I already last year this book read ‘He said that I read this book already last year.’ Er sagte dass ich schon letztes Jahr diesen Roman las he said that I already last year this book read ‘He said that I read this book already last year.’

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