1. 2: When Worlds Collide,

2. In 1580 essayist Montaigne talked with several American Indians at the French court who "noticed among us some men gorged to the full with things of every sort while their other halves were beggars at their doors, emaciated with hunger and poverty," and "found it strange that these poverty-striken halves should suffer such injustice, and that they did not take the others by the throat or set fire to their houses." [Text on internet]

3. “I remember in the plaza where some of their oratories stood, there were piles of human skulls so regularly arranged that one could count them, and I estimated them at more than a hundred thousand. I repeat again that there were more than one hundred thousand of them. And in another part of the plaza there were so many piles of dead men's thigh bones that one could not count them; there was also a large number of skulls strung between beams of weed, and three priest who had charge of these bones and skulls were guarding them. We had occasion to see many such things later on as we penetrated into the country for the same custom was observed in al the towns, including those of Tlaxcala.” Bernal Diaz del Castillo:
The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (1520s)

4. Bernal Diaz del Castillo
“When the Caciques, priests, and chieftains were silenced, Cortés ordered all the idols which we had overthrown and broken to pieces to be taken out of sight and burned. Then eight priests who had charge of the idols came out of a chamber and carried them back to the house whence they had come, and burned them. These priests wore black cloaks like cassocks and long gowns reaching to their feet, and some had hoods like those worn by canons, and other had smaller hoods like those worn by Dominicans, and they wore their hair very long, down to the waist, with some even reaching down to the feet, covered with blood and so matted together that it could not be separated, and their ears were cut to pieces by way of sacrifice, and they stank like sulphur, and they had another bad smell like carrion, and as they said, and we learnt that it was true, these priests were the sons of chiefs and they abstained from women, and they fasted on certain days, and what I saw them eat was the pith of seeds of cotton when the cotton was being cleaned, but they may have eaten other things which I did not see."
Bernal Diaz del Castillo

5. Chapter Focus Questions
Discuss the roles played by the rising merchant class, the new monarchies, Renaissance humanism, and the Reformation in the development of European colonialism.
Define a frontier of inclusion. In what ways does this description apply to the Spanish empire in the Americas?
Make a list of the major exchanges that took place between the Old World and the New World in the centuries following the European invasion of America. Discuss some of the effects these exchanges had on the course of modern history.
In what ways did colonial contact in the Northeast differ from contacts in the Caribbean and Mexico?

6. The Invasion of America

7. Intercontinental Exchange

8. New World foods -- potatoes, maize, squash, pumpkins, and beans

11. Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century

12. European Exploration, 1492–1591

13. European Exploration, 1492–1591

14. European Exploration, 1492–1591

17. Introduction Alfred W. Crosby’s “ecological imperialism”
Colombian [intercontinental] exchange
Bartolome de las Casas
Inner light, predestination, original sin, the elect
Headright, enclosure
Movie: The Mission
Encomienda, “frontier of inclusion”
Ignacio Bernal, Los Folkloristas, Nuevo Canto

18. Bartolome de las Casas [1474 – 1566]

19. "The Cruelties used by the Spaniards on the Indians," from a 1599 English edition of The Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas. Las Casas passionately denounced the Spanish conquest and defended the rights of the Indians. These images were copied from a series of engravings produced by Theodore de Bry that accompanied Las Casas's original edition.

20. "[The Indians]. have no religion, at least no temples
"[The Indians]. . . have no religion, at least no temples. They live in large communal bell-shaped buildings, housing up to 600 people at one time . . .made of very strong wood and roofed with palm leaves They prize bird feathers of various colors, beads made of fishbones, and green and white stones with which they adorn their ears and lips, but they put no value on gold and other precious things. They lack all manner of commerce, neither buying not selling, and rely exclusively on their natural environment for maintenance. They are extremely generous with their possessions and by the same token covet the possessions of their friends and expect the same degree of liberality “
Bishop Las Casas

21. “. . . . the entire human race is one.”
". . . while I was in Cuba, 7000 children died in three months. Some mothers even drowned their babies from sheer desperation In this way, husbands died in the mines, wives died at work, and children died from lack of milk..... and in a short time this land which was so great, so powerful and fertile..... was depopulated My eyes have seen these acts so foreign to human nature, and now I tremble as I write “
“ the entire human race is one.”
Bishop Las Casas

22. Marriage laws are nonexistent: men and women alike choose their mates and leave them as they please, without offense, jealousy or anger. They multiply in great abundance; pregnant women work to the last minute and give birth almost painlessly; up the next day, they bathe in the river and are as clean and healthy as before giving birth. If they tire of their men, they give themselves abortions with herbs that force stillbirths, covering their shameful parts with leaves or cotton cloth; although on the whole, Indian men and women look upon total nakedness with as much casualness as we look upon a man's head or at his hands." Bishop Las Casas

23. New Spain / Mexico Olmec, Monte Alban Maya, Yucatan
Teotihuacan, Quetzalcoatl
Tula, Tezcatlipoca/Quetzalcoatl
Aztlan, Chichimecas
Aztec, Tenochtitlan, Huitzilopochtli

24. Bibliography Michael D. Coe, The Maya (1987)
Alfred W. Crosby: Ecological Imperialism, The Biological Expansion of Europe (1986)
Bernal Diaz: The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (1520s)
Alvin M. Josephy Jr., 500 Nations (1994)
Friar Diego de Landa, Yucatan Before and After the Conquest (1566)
Gary B. Nash. Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America (1982)
William H. Prescott, The Conquest of Mexico and the Conquest of Peru (1843)

25. Bibliography Kirkpatrick Sale: The Conquest of Paradise (1990)
Linda Schele and David Freidel, A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (1990)
John L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan (1841)
Alan Taylor, American Colonies (2001)
J. Eric S. Thompson, The Rise and Fall of the Maya Civilization (1954)
Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (1980)

26. Chronology 1000 Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows
Black Death in Europe
1381 English Peasants' Revolt
1488 Bartolomeu Días sails around the African continent
1492 Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
1497 John Cabot explores Newfoundland
1508 Spanish invade Puerto Rico
1513 Juan Ponce de León lands in Florida
1514 Bartolomé de las Casas preaching against conquest
1516 Smallpox introduced to the New World
1517 Martin Luther breaks with the Roman Catholic Church

27. Chronology 1519 Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico
1534 Jacques Cartier first explores the St. Lawrence River
Hernán de Soto & Francisco Vásquez de Coronado expeditions
1550 Tobacco introduced to Europe
1552 Bartolomé de Las Casas's Destruction of the Indies
1558 Elizabeth I of England begins her reign
1562 Huguenot colony on mid-Atlantic coast
1565 St. Augustine founded
1583 Humphrey Gilbert attempts to plant a colony in Newfoundland
Walter Raleigh colony, Roanoke Island
1588 English defeat the Spanish Armada // John White returns to find Roanoke colony abandoned

28. Gary Nash [Iroquois culture]
“No laws and ordinances, sheriffs and constables, judges and juries, or courts or jails-the apparatus of authority in European societies-were to be found in the northeast woodlands prior to European arrival. Yet boundaries of acceptable behavior were firmly set. Though priding themselves on the autonomous individual, the Iroquois maintained a strict sense of right and wrong. He who stole another's food or acted invalourously in war was "shamed" by his people and ostracized from their company until he had atoned for his actions and demonstrated to their satisfaction that he had morally purified himself. “
Gary Nash [Iroquois culture]

29. The English and Algonquians at Roanoke

30. The Roanoke Area in 1585

31. Roanoke, 1585 - CROATOAN on a tree in 1591

32. The First Colony of Roanoke
Colony off the North Carolina coast founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585.
Goal was to find wealth-- furs, gold or silver, plantation agriculture Indians seen as laborers.
1580s - English & Algonquians at Roanoke
1584 Chief Wingina sent Manteo + Wanchese to GB
CROATOAN – 50 miles south, no cross as warning
John White, Frances Drake, Virginia Dare
1588 Armada
1590 “The Lost Colony”

33. Sir Humphrey Gilbert [1537 – 1583]

34. Sir Walter Raleigh [ca.1554 – 1618]

35. Spanish Armada – Protestant Wind, 1588

36. Sir Frances Drake [1540 – 1598]

37. Drake attacks Cartegena, Colombia 1586

38. “Drake’s Bay” from a 1590 map

39. Richard Hakluyt’s map of the Americas, 1587

40. The Expansion of Europe

41. Western European Communities
Agricultural, peasants, water mills, iron plows, bread, porridge
Feudalism, dowry, noble, serf, Roman Catholic
33% dead before age 5, 50% reached adulthood
, Black Death [bubonic plague]
Spanish Inquisition, Moors driven out 1490s

42. Merchant Class & New Monarchies
Late Middle Ages expansion of commerce -minerals, salt, timber, fish, cereal, wool, wine
City-states of Venice, Genoa, Pisa in Italy
The Crusades - silk, spices [cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, pepper]
Muslim libraries of Alexandria and Baghdad
Growth of universities, postal service
Gothic medieval cathedrals [followed by styles from Greeks & Romans]
New focus on the human body [Humanism, a revolt against religious authority, less emphasis on afterlife]

43. The Renaissance The Crusades stimulated Italian trade with Asia.
Compass, gunpowder, movable type were introduced to Europe. [Francis Bacon: “the three greatest inventions known to man.”]
Muslims reintroduce Greek and Roman learning to Europeans.
The Renaissance resulted, with humanistic view.
Inquisitive and acquisitive spirit of Renaissance helped motivate exploration.

44. Portuguese Explorations
Prince Henry the Navigator establishes academy to train seafarers at Sangres Point.
Portuguese trading voyages try to reach Indies by sailing around Africa.
1488: Portuguese establish several colonies; begin slave trade; reach southern tip of Africa.
1498: Vasco Da Gama sails around Africa to Indies.

45. A caravel similar to Columbus’s Niña

46. Columbus Reaches Americas
Had sailed from Iceland to the middle of Africa prior to "discovery of New World"
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon [Spain just completed Reconquista - Moors driven from Grenada]
Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States on the conquest of Cuba, etc.
Discovered the clockwise circulation of Atlantic winds and currents [Mission San Diego, 1769!]
1493, 17 ships and 1,500 men to New World [found outpost at Hispaniola destroyed]
After his 3rd voyage, ordered home in leg irons but later made a 4th voyage [died in Spain in 1506]
Amerigo Vespucci of Florence who sailed to Caribbean in st to describe mundus novus
Refer to photo of image accompanying Columbus' account of his
voyage, p. 35

47. The Spanish in the Americas

48. Invading the New World
Initial violence, destruction of Aztec religion Sacrifices, Quetzalcoatl/Cortes, cosmology / paradigm
Encomienda system - Indian community as labor [reciprocal, protection, Catholicism]
Invasions - Puerto Rico & Jamaica (1508); Cuba (1511); Panama (1513); Central America (1513) Mexico (1517)
1519 Hernan Cortes - Aztecs, Tenochtitlán (300,000), smallpox, Malinche, horses, bloodhounds, Moctezuma, allies

49. The Spanish New World Empire
By 1600, approximately 200,000 settlers (10% women), 125,000 Africans, cattle/horses/pigs
"Frontier of inclusion" - mestizo, mulatto
Council of the Indies, Portuguese Brazil [Movie: The Mission]
Jesuits, Franciscans, Augustinians , Dominicans

50. Pieces of 8 and gold bar from the Atocha – 1622 [1985]

52. Castillo de San Marcos, at St. Augustine, Florida [started 1672]

53. Fray Bernardino de Sahagun [ca. 1500 – 1590] recorded Indian practices

54. Decline of Indian Population
The population of Mexico fell from 25 million in 1519 to one million a century later.
Diseases were the greatest killers of Indians.
The “Black Legend” – disinformation?
“We Spaniards suffer from a disease of the heart, the specific remedy for which is gold.” Hernan Cortez

55. Smallpox -- from Aztec drawings

57. Intercontinental Exchange
Exchanges between Old and New Worlds included:
European diseases that decimated Indian populations;
American precious metals that caused inflation in Europe;
American crops to Europe-- corn, potatoes, cotton, chocolate; and
European crops to America-- wheat, sugar, rice, horses, cattle.
Silver to Europe created inflation

58. Intercontinental Exchange

59. The First Europeans in North America
In 1519, first of several unsuccessful colonization attempts failed in Florida.
In 1539, Hernan DeSoto traveled throughout South, spreading disease that depopulated and weakened Indian societies.
In 1539, Francisco de Coronado searched for lost cities of gold in Southwest – “shaggy cows.”

60. Coronado’s March, ca. 1540

61. Juan de Onate [1549–1624] New Mex
Juan de Onate [1549–1624] New Mex. – 10 Franciscans & 129 soldier colonists

62. Inscription by Oñate at Inscription Rock in 1605

63. The Spanish New World Empire
By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a powerful American empire.
200,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived in Spanish colonies.
Population was racially mixed.
Council of the Indies governed empire but local autonomy prevailed.

64. Northern Explorations and Encounters

65. Fish and Furs
Abundant fish in Grand Banks of North Atlantic led Europeans to explore North American coastal waters.
French were first to explore eastern North American, establishing large land claims.
European-Indian relations based on trade, especially furs.
Disease and wars over hunting grounds reduced Indian populations.
Indians became dependent on European manufactured goods.

66. The Protestant Reformation
1517 Reformation in Germany, Luther
Salvation was a gift from God and not earned by "good works" or service to the Church
Emphasized individual Bible reading, excommunicated in 1521
1520s Catholic persecution of French Protestants caused John Calvin to move to Geneva, Switzerland
Calvinism - predestination, God's "elect" and "signs of election" [thrift industry, sobriety, responsibility]

67. Front: Philipp Melanchthon, Martin Luther, John Hus Middle: John Calvin, Swedish King Gustavus II Adolphus, Ulrich Zwingli

68. Political Impact of Reformation
Henry VIII of England ( ) created Church of England (Anglican), confiscated Catholic property
Daughter Queen Victoria
French Calvinists (Huguenots, merchants, middle class) fought for power
1598, Henry IV's Edict of Nantes (freedom of worship and civil rights)

69. Henry VIII of England [1491 – 1547]

70. Queen Elizabeth I, the first English colonies, and Spain
Rivalry with Spain led Queen Elizabeth I to found colonies.
Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of Ireland, setting English pattern of colonization.
Other colonization efforts failed including expedition to Newfoundland and Roanoke.
Raiding by English privateers on Spanish ships and ports, English colonization efforts angered Spanish King Phillip II.
Spanish Armada defeated by English fleets, halting Spanish monopoly on Americas.
Refer to photo of The Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, p. 46

71. Elizabeth I [1533 – 1603]

72. Elizabeth I at one of 13 sessions of Parliament

73. Elizabeth’s successor, son of Mary, Queen of Scots – King James I

74. The First French Colonies
Huguenots planted first French colonies in South Carolina and Florida.
French enjoyed good relations with Indians.
Spanish destroyed French colony in Florida.
Refer to photo of Jacques LeMoyne watercolor, p. 43

75. A map of Jacques Cartier’s explorations

76. Champlain attacking an Onondaga village in 1615

77. Samuel de Champlain’s chateau at Quebec in 1608

78. La Terra de Hochelaga Nella Nova Francia – Cartier’s map of Huron-Iroquois village

79. French at St. John’s River in Florida, May 1562

80. Rene De Laudonniere and Chief Athore at Ribaut’s Column [1591]

81. Fort Caroline on St. Johns River [Florida]

82. Fr. Jacques Marquette with Louis Joliet listening

83. European Exploration of the Americas
In the century after Columbus came to the Americas, Europeans had explored:
most of the Atlantic coast of North America;
much of the Pacific coast of North America; and
the interior of southeastern and southwestern North America.

85. A model of the original Jamestown village, 1607

87. Pocahontas in 1616 England

88. ". everyone is entitled to their own opinions, but not their own facts
". . . everyone is entitled to their own opinions, but not their own facts." Sen. Daniel Moynihan
"Each age writes the history of the past anew with reference to the conditions uppermost in its own time The aim of history, then, is to know the elements of the present by understanding what came into the present from the past. For the present is simply the developing past, the past the undeveloped present The antiquarian strives to bring back the past for the sake of the past; the historian tries to show the present to itself by revealing its origin from the past. The goal of the antiquarian is the dead past; the goal of the historian is the living present." Frederick J. Turner 1891