1. IRAN

2. Iran Capital: Tehran 634,562 square miles 4,000 feet above sea level Population: 67 million Major language: Persian Religious affiliation –Shi’a Muslim 89% –Sunni Muslim 10% Known as Persia until 1935

3. Impact of the Past Irrigation made civilization possible –Disrupted waterworks had devastating consequences Target of conquest –Natural crossroad

4. Impact of the Past Indo-Europeans 15 th century b.c.e Cyrus and Darius –6 th century b.c.e. Greeks under Alexander Arab-Islamic in 7 th cent. c.e. Turkish tribes in 11 th c.e.

5. Impact of the Past Iran, formerly known as Persia “the sleep of nations” –Far behind the west –Views this as an adversity If and how Iran will move into modernity is one of the major questions?

6. The Arab Conquest Islam means “submission to God’s will” Islam arrived by the sword Most Zoroastrianism, old religion, fled to India

7. The Arab Conquest Islam taught all Muslims were equal Persia adopted Arabic script –Arabs copied Persian architecture and civil administration Under Persian Control for 6 centuries

8. The Arab Conquest 1055: Turks Mongols and Genghis Khan –The Mongol “World Conqueror” –Arrived in 1219 –Embraced Islam

9. “ We may be conquered, but the conqueror always ends up adopting our superior culture and becomes one of us.” The Arab Conquest

10. Safavids in 1501 boosted development of a Iranian identity –Switched from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam –Attack allowed them to consolidate control and develop Islam with Persian Characteristics

11. Islam: Sunni and Shi’ite (Shi’ia) Split happened over the question of who was eligible to succeed Prophet Muhammad Shi’ites: believe that legitimate rulership of the entire Islamic world could decend only through the heirs of the Prophet Muhammad Shi’ites have a belief in the “hidden Imam” and he will return at the end of time and restore just and order Shi’ites: all secular authority is ultimately illegitimate

12. Shi’ism: –Remains critical of monarchs and less sully reconciled with political order for its own sake –Extend a provisional legitimacy to rulers who let Islamic institutions flourish unmolested –Clergy is standing in for the hidden Imam –Hold a role like the priesthood in premodern Europe –Religious function is separate from the state –Clerics are most hostile towards power holders and enjoyed more independence –Enjoyed strong institutional base Islam: Sunni and Shi’ite (Shi’ia)

13. Self organized, informal hierarchies that rested only on the esteem in which religious scholars held one another Secure income from the voluntary religious tax Refused to make peace with secular authorities Religion and politics flows into one another: comprehensive Islamic society Untainted by the prevailing injustice No sense that some spheres of life lay outside of religion Islam: Sunni and Shi’ite (Shi’ia)

14. Western Penetration Western cultural, economic, and colonial penetration 1722: Afghan invaders end Safavid rule British and Russia dominance in Persia –Semi-colonial status: political and economic dependent on imperial designs –1890 treaty by British= a monopoly over tobacco sales

15. Western Penetration Western ideals of government- Christian Missionaries 1906-1907 Constitutional Revolution –Est. 1 st constitution –1 st elected parliament: Majlis –Two forces: liberals who hated the monarchy/wanted western institutions, Muslim clerics who wanted a stronger role for Islam Same combination will bring down the Shah in 1979 Two have turned against each other over the future of Iran

16. Corrupt and weak monarchies led to democratic constitutions New Shah in 1907 shuts down Majlis –Flees to Russia under protest –Returns in 1911 but is forced back 1907 Anglo-Russian Treaty cut Persia in two –Russia in the North/Britain in South WWI turns into a zone of contention and chaos Western Penetration

17. The First Pahlavi 1925: Reza Khan seizes power –Crowned as Shah –Dynasty lasted from 1925-1979 (Pahlavi) –Told the World “call us by our real name: Iran” –Nazi connection

18. The First Pahlavi Wanted to modernize his country –Molded an Iranian army –European civil service –National bank Replaced tradition and Islamic courts –Civil courts –Under western codes of justice 1935 founded Iran’s 1 st Western Style university Economy grew –State supervision –Oil revenues Reza Khan

19. Encouraged countrymen to adopt western dress –Asked women to stop wearing the veil Kept press and Majlis obedient Troublemakers died in jail Reza Shah was a classic modernizing tyrant The First Pahlavi

20. WWII Iran was to strategic to leave alone –Major oil producer –Conduit for U.S. supplies to desperate Russia –Again Russia in the North and British in the south Both agreed to clear out 6 months post war Reza shah titled support to Germany in 1941 Reza Shah was exiled to South Africa and later died in 1944 Reza Shah turn control over to his Son: Mohammed Reza Pahlavi The First Pahlavi

21. WWII continued –Americans and British left in Iran in 1945 –Soviets did not leave (mark the start of the Cold War) Stalin claimed ethnic groups in the north had right to merge with the Azeris of north Iran Refused to leave Set up Communist Azeri and Jurdish govt. in the north 1946: President Truman delivered some harsh words, Iran’s PM promised Stalin an oil deal, Stalin withdraws Majlis concealed the deal

22. The Last Pahlavi 20 th century was determined by Oil –Who should own and profit from Iran’s oil reserves? Oil deposits discovered in 1908 –Under British concession –Anglo-Persian (Iranian) Oil Company

23. Persia received little from oil deal –Persians hated the rich foreign company –Especially an oil company who wrote their own rules –1932 Reza Shah ended the lopsided concession Forced the AIOC to pay higher royalties The Last Pahlavi

24. AIOC: –1950’s Iranians rallied around Prime Minster Muhammad Mossadegh –Nationalized the AIOC Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi flees the country in 1953

25. The Last Pahlavi British urged Washington to do something –US had the CIA destabilize the Tehran government With $1million dollars Kermit Roosevelt hires a mob Mossadegh was out Shah was restored U.S. wins cold war battle

26. The Last Pahlavi Shah Muhammad Reza –Modernizing tyrant –“White Revolution” from above –Excellent relations with United States –Shah was U.S. pillar of stability in the Persian Gulf –U.S. was source of Money, technology, and military hardware –Iranian students came to U.S. –American Businessmen surged into Iran

27. U.S. was too close the shah; supported by us Shah was –Western-educated, Anit-communist, involved in rapid modernization –Iranian unrest went unnoticed Under Nixon: sold them arms –Iran and Shah = two different things –Backing of the Shah alienated Iranians –Ignored how the Shah ruled: Ruled by dreaded secret police: SAVAK Tyrant was a tyrant –Worried about communism in north ignored the possible revolution from within The Last Pahlavi

28. Revenue from oil: –1963-64: $555 million –1975-76: $20 Billion Government Revenue –1948 = 11% –1960 = 41% –1974-75 = 84% 45% of GDP and 89% of foreign export receipts GDP grew from 8% to 30% GNP grew from $17.3 billion to est. $54.6 billion –Highest GNP in the “Third World” The Last Pahlavi

30. Rentier state: a state that derives a substantial portion of revenue on a regular basis from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent Rentier economy: heavily supported by state expenditure while the state itself continuously receives rent from abroad. The Last Pahlavi

31. State no longer had to rely on agriculture Fast paced modernization process –Transformed Iranian economy from one based agriculture to one-product economy based on oil –Adopted substitution industrialization Capital-intensive industries Neglect small scale production and agriculture sector The Last Pahlavi

32. No attempt to create a dynamic and open political system Slogan “Plenty of administration and no politics” –Created the Rastakhiz (Resurgence) Party 1975: Mass party Entire Iranian population and encouraged everyone to join –Closed to opposition: Subjected to harassment, imprisonment, and torture –Failed to realize the deprivation in terms of political participation Caused the gradual erosion of the bonds linking state and civil society The Last Pahlavi

33. What ended Shah rule –Too much money –1973 boosted oil prices and took over oil extraction from foreign companies –Shah leading mover of OPEC –Oil prices quadrupled –Oil Revenues went for the “greater glory” of Iran and its army: not the people –OIL LED TO TURMOIL The Last Pahlavi

34. New wealth caused great disruption Shah promoted education –Saw Shah for what he was a tyrant Corruption grew/people turned to the Mosque Shah undermined the traditional culture values of Islam –Seized land from religious foundations –Influx of American culture: alcohol and sex –Military expenditures was a waste of money –Economic growth hastens revolution The Last Pahlavi

35. Ayatollah Khomeini: –Criticized the Shah –Exiled to Iraq in 1964 –Forced to leave Iraq in 1978 –Live in Paris suburb Recorded messages that were telephoned to cassette recorders in Iran Bypassed Shahs control of the media –Helped bring him down The Last Pahlavi

36. Things come to a head in 1970’s Shah had made Iran a Debtor nation Jimmy Carter makes human rights a foreign policy goal Shah dictatorship comes under U.S. criticism 1977 Carter and Shah had to retreat into White House 1978 Shah facing huge demonstrations and dying of cancer Shah mat “the king is trapped”

37. January 6 th, 1979 the last Phalavi left Iran: Shah Mat