1. Dissertation Techniques for your FHS project Judith Pinfold Bodleian Subject Specialist (Biology) May 2011

2. Dissertation Techniques Plagiarism v. Referencing SOLO, OLIS & OXLIP+ Reference works Databases Searching techniques Managing your references 2

3. Plagiarism All academic work will inevitably at some point involve the use and discussion of critical material written by others with due acknowledgement and with references given. This is standard critical practice and can be clearly distinguished from appropriating without acknowledgement and presenting as your own material produced by others, which is what constitutes plagiarism. (Modern History and English - Preliminary Exams Handbook 2003/4) 3

4. Avoiding Plagiarism "... You must always indicate to the examiners when you have drawn on the work of others; other people's original ideas and methods should be clearly distinguished from your own, and other people's words, illustrations, diagrams etc. should be clearly indicated regardless of whether they are copied exactly, paraphrased, or adapted......The University reserves the right to use software applications to screen any individual's submitted work for matches either to published sources or to other submitted work. Any such matches respectively might indicate either plagiarism or collusion...... Although the use of electronic resources by students in their academic work is encouraged, you should remember that the regulations on plagiarism apply to on-line material and other digital material just as much as to printed material..." Section 9.5 Proctors' and Assessor's MemorandumProctors' and Assessor's Memorandum 4

5. Plagiarism : it’s taken extremely seriously ‘Turnitin’ software may be used by the University for screening your work If plagiarism suspected, the Proctors will fully investigate and interview you Where plagiarism is proven, this can result in expulsion from the University … 5

6. But don’t worry, there’s plenty of help and advice available Pdf guide ‘ Academic good practice : a practical guide’ at www.admin.ox.ac.uk/edc/goodpractice/ 6

7. 7 Plenty of guidance on Weblearn too From homepage scroll down to subsite ‘Weblearn guidance’ select subsite ‘Plagiarism support (Turnitin)’ https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/portal/

8. Good academic practice So by following the citation principles and practices in place in your subject area, you will develop a rigorous approach to academic referencing, and avoid inadvertent plagiarism 8

9. Referencing and Citation 2 main ways of organizing your references a) Parenthetical or author/date – often called the Harvard system (Smith and Jones, 2010) b) Footnotes on a page or endnotes for a chapter. N.B. This is not to be confused with the computer package of the same name. 1 1. Smith, J. and Jones, B. Title. London : 2010. 9

10. References / Bibliography Be uniform in your referencing system:- Probably use the Harvard system (author / date) suggested in the FHS project guidelines on Weblearn – but whatever you do use – just be consistent! 10

11. 11 Citation practice Also large number of manuals available to give guidance and sound practice 1. Doing a literature review / Chris Hart (London, 1998) [H62 HAR ] 2. Manual for writers / Kate Turabian (7 th ed. Chicago, 2007) [LB 2369 TUR ] 3. Communicating in geography & the environmental sciences / Ian Hay (3 rd ed. Oxford, 2006) [G70 HAY ]  4. Cite them right / Pears & Shields (2010 ed.) [LB 2369 PEA]  5. Complete guide to referencing & avoiding plagiarism / Neville (2nd ed. 2010) [LB2369 NEV] 1 st ed. (2007) also available on-line via NetLibrary

12. Recommended purchase Citing references : a guide for students / David Fisher and Terry Hanstock (Nottingham, 1998) Available in Blackwell’s at the tills in the Norrington Room and the first floor Price £1.00 12

13. References / Bibliography Organize your research and manage your database of references Include citations while you write your paper Build a bibliography in a variety of styles Import references from many different data sources Create bibliographies in different document formats (Word, RTF, HTML, etc.) 13

14. WISER course Reference Management Software Thursday 16 June 2011, 2-5 pm Introductory session to pros and cons of RefWorks, Endnote, Zotero and Mendeley Keeping track of your references Formatting your references www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/services/training/wiser 14

15. References / Bibliography EndNote system:- Web version available within the Oxford domain www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/sers/resources/endnote Also a software package that you purchase from OUCS for £81.60, but you then have it permanently Courses laid on (www.oucs.ox.ac.uk)www.oucs.ox.ac.uk 15

16. References / Bibliography RefWorks www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/eresources/refworks RefWorks is a free (even after you leave Oxford) web- based bibliographic software package. Being web-based means no software to download and update, and you can access your personal account from any computer connected to the web. Courses laid on by the Computing Services IT Learning Programme (www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/itlp) 16

17. OUCS course RefWorks for Sciences and Social Sciences Wednesday 22 June 2011, 2-5 pm Cost: £8 for course book www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/itlp/courses/ 17

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19. Dissertation Techniques SOLO : S earch O xford L ibraries O nline Search and discovery tool for the Oxford Libraries' vast collections of resources. Mainly OLIS (Oxford's union catalogue of printed and electronic books and journals)OLIS Title link over 1,000 databases on OxLIP+OxLIP+ 19 Now for some actual searching. You are obviously familiar with SOLO – gives access to a vast range of resources – both print and electronics, books, serials and databases.

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24. E-Journals I didn't check for the hard copy - as I’m so used to getting online access! 24

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28. Dissertation Techniques Use SOLO or OxLIP+ to access Reference tools Abstracting and indexing services 28

29. Reference Sources General reference tools CREDO Reference : reference works including dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc. Standalone major reference works e.g. OED, Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Oxford Reference Online 29

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35. E-books (texts)  NetLibrary  Taylor and Francis  Oxford Scholarship Online 35

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43. E-resources  Also look at the RSL Science Portal for further ideas on e-resources  www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/science/eresources 43

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46. Dissertation Techniques Abstracting and Indexing Services (for finding the actual journal articles) Vast range SciVerse / Scopus OVID SP CSA (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts) Web of Knowledge 46

47. Bibliographic Databases  Excellent for locating journal articles, book chapters and book reviews (NB. References only)  General or specific subject coverage  Different interfaces but similar functionality  Not tied to library holdings  Frequently will provide link to full text 47

48. Databases vs. Search engines Contents are indexed by subject specialists Subject headings Limiting functions e.g. publication types, language Allow you to View Search history Combine searches Mark and sort results Print/save/email/export Save searches Set up alerts Searches done by automated “web crawlers” No thesaurus / subject headings – just free text searching No limiting functions Usually none of these! 48

49. Search Strategies Boolean logic Truncation Wild cards Synonyms Which language are you using? 49

50. Boolean connectors AND – combines terms to restrict results OR – useful for covering synonyms NOT – excludes unwanted areas of research 50

51. AND, OR, NOT Circadian clock TemperaturePlant 51

52. Truncation Use an asterisk (usually – check help pages) enzym* will retrieve enzyme, enzymes, enzymatic, enzymology 52

53. 53 Wildcards Behavio$r* will retrieve Behavior, Behaviour, Behavioural, Behaviours, Behaviors Phrase searching “electromagnetic field” Synonyms Honey bee* OR honeybee* OR “apis mellifera”

54. How do I find the relevant databases? Go via SOLO or Oxlip+ Databases are listed alphabetically and in broad subject groupings 34 bibliographic databases listed under ‘Biology’ 54

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56. Information About Databases 56

57. 57 SCOPUS Bibliographic database for science, medicine, and some social sciences, ecological sciences

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65. Feeds and alerts RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds Web feed format used to update content automatically. Subscribe to feed and save having to check web pages manually Access to new work, downloads and updates as it becomes available 65

66. Feeds and alerts Citation alerts Receive an email when an article you are interested in has been cited Can do for authors too You will have to have your own account and register for this service with each database 66

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81. Databases vs. Search engines Contents are indexed by subject specialists Subject headings Limiting functions e.g. publication types, language Allow you to View Search history Combine searches Mark and sort results Print/save/email/export Save searches Set up alerts Searches done by automated “web crawlers” No thesaurus / subject headings – just free text searching No limiting functions Usually none of these! 81

82. Platforms for other biology databases 82 Web of Knowledge (WoK)

83. Bibliographic Databases OvidSP CAB Abstracts – agriculture, forestry and allied life sciences. Coverage 1910-present Forest Science – forest and wood science (also sustainable forestry, tropical deforestation, climate change, carbon sequestration, forest genetic resources and related issues) (1939 – present) Zoological Record Archive (1864-1977) Zoological Record (1978-2009) 83

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88. Bibliographic Databases CSA (Cambridge Scientific Abstracts) Hosts various useful databases (and not just science) - including : Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts Ecology Abstracts Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management Oceanic Abstracts 88

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94. Bibliographic Databases Web of Science/Knowledge Includes Science, Social Science & Arts and Humanities Citation Indexes Citation indexes can be used in the same way as any other abstracting and indexing service. Their extra facility is the option to search the bibliographies of any articles- a citation search. Academics use the citation index to find out who has cited their work. 94

95. 95 BIOSIS previews is YOUR database – so explore!

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107. Dissertation Techniques Search for - “circadian clock” & “plant*” and “temperature*” published between 2006-2011 Scopus = 76 articles Ovid = 53 (55 before deduplication) CSA = 115 (124 before deduplication) WoS = 93 Total = 339 107

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113. Dissertation Techniques Search for - “circadian clock” & “plant*” and “temperature*” published between 2006-2011 Scopus = 76 articles Ovid = 53 (55 before deduplication in OVID) CSA = 115 (124 before deduplication in CSA) WoS = 93 Total no references retrieved = 339 After RefWorks deduplication = 189 unique items 113

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115. 115 Output style chosen is ‘Harvard’ – which you might want to use for your project Many styles to choose from – preview each one. All your references will be reformatted instantly!

116. Dissertation Techniques Search Tip 1 Important to remember that although each database covers thousands of journal titles no single database is ever comprehensive. If you are having difficulty finding material on a topic use the keywords you find in any relevant reference and search again. 116

117. Dissertation Techniques Search Tip 2 Use Boolean Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT also proximity operators Adj (literally adjacent); Near(same sentence); With(same field) Field descriptors: AU(author); TI(title); AB (abstract); SO(source or reference); DE (general descriptor) etc are likely to be specific to each database and won’t operate in ‘cross searches’ Combining searches: #1 and #2 117

118. Dissertation Techniques Search Tip 3 Take time to explore the various databases and platforms available Some will be more useful to you than others Scopus OvidSP Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Web of Knowledge www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/services/training/wiser 118

119. Dissertation Techniques Search Tip 4 Consider subject synonyms and variants in British and US spellings Apply truncation, usually * to find plurals/alternative word endings and ? to replace a single character Expand search by following hypertext links esp subject headings Use tagging facilities within database to mark articles for printing, emailing, downloading or exporting Authors’ names: check the online help for formats. Use the database index to find different forms of author’s name, otherwise truncate first initial 119

120. Dissertation Techniques Some ways to keep up-to-date: Email alerts – you can specify a search to be repeated and the results emailed to you at chosen intervals Zetoc - the British Library’s table of contents – receive an email when the next issue of a journal is available. You can find Zetoc in Oxlip+ Saving and rerunning searches – you can save a search and run it again in the future Citation alerts – you will receive an email every time a particular article is cited in another WoK or Scopus indexed article RSS feeds – for new search results 120

121. Former FHS projects These are available from 1987 Projects for 1987-2007 kept in Southwood Lab (Zoology) Projects for 2008-2010 kept in Weldon Lab (Zoology) Ref only – must not leave Zoology You must sign them out (clipboard kept with newer projects) 121

122. 122 List of projects at: www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/science/libraries/zoology

123. Reading Rooms – RSL / ZOO Radcliffe Science Library lots of quiet areas for reading and study Alexander Library in Zoology Dept. On the same floor as Darwin’s cafe Staffed, free entry with university card Details in the LibGuide at libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/alexanderlibrary ***All material reference only*** 123

124. Reading Rooms - PLS Sherardian Library in Dept of Plant Sciences (swipe card entry – using your University card) Limited capacity Also used by staff and postgraduates Strictly for reading only – not computer work ***All material reference only*** 124

125. Card access to PLS reading room email Kirsty McNeil (undergraduate teaching co-ordinator) kirsty.mcneil@zoo.ox.ac.uk She will confirm when your card has been activated 125

126. Further assistance - OUCS - Word: creating professional documents Course available every term Prequisite for: Word: managing your thesis Cost: £6 each, for course book www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/itlp/courses/atoz 126

127. Further assistance This presentation will shortly be available on-line at: www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/science/training/biosciences More courses available: www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/itlp Other presentations www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/services/training/wiser/presentations 127

128. Further assistance: subject librarians judith.pinfold@bodleian.ox.ac.ukjudith.pinfold@bodleian.ox.ac.uk (biology) anne.catterall@bodleian.ox.ac.ukanne.catterall@bodleian.ox.ac.uk (plant taxonomy) sophie.wilcox@bodleian.ox.ac.uksophie.wilcox@bodleian.ox.ac.uk (ornithology) 128

129. Dissertation Techniques Please ask a Librarian if you get stuck trying to use any of the resources or would like advice on the most suitable databases for your enquiries GOOD LUCK WITH YOUR PROJECTS! 129