1. Homeostatic dysfunctions HBS3A

2. Causes of disruption 1 1. Hormonal This involves damage or dysfunction to glands or hormones eg In Diabetes mellitus the problem is Type I diabetes is Type II diabetes is Hypothyroidism is Hyperthyroidism is

3. Causes of disruption 1 1. Hormonal This involves damage or dysfunction to glands or hormones eg diabetes, hyperthyroidism In Diabetes mellitus the problem is hyperglycaemia caused by insufficient insulin or insufficient response to insulin Type I diabetes is Juvenile diabetes and involves damage to the islets of Langerhans and a reduction in insulin production Type II diabetes is mature onset diabetes and involves receptors becoming less sensitive to insulin Hypothyroidism is low thyroxine production Hyperthyroidism is excess thyroxine production

4. Causes of disruption 2 2. Behavioural or lifestyle In many cases, lifestyle decisions can effect the functioning of the body leading to homeostatic disruption. Some examples of lifestyle choices that can disrupt homeostatic systems include Drugs Eating habits Excessive activity

5. Drugs Name of drugEffects Alcohol Amphetamines Caffeine Cocaine Codeine Ecstasy, MDMA Heroin Marijuana Nicotine Steroids

6. Drugs Name of drugEffects Alcohol CNS depressant  relaxation, loss of inhibitions, euphoria, lowered coordination, slurred speech, unconsciousness, death Impotence, ulcers, malnutrition, cancers – liver, throat, stomach, brain damage Amphetamines CNS stimulant  increased alertness, excitation, restlessness, insomnia, hallucinations, death Reduced appetite, dilation of pupils, increased chance of psychosis Caffeine CNS stimulant  increased alertness, excitation, restlessness, insomnia Increased heart rate and blood pressure Cocaine CNS stimulant Exhilaration, sweating, pallor, erratic behaviour, insomnia, hallucinations, death If snorted – damage to nose May be cut with other substances (eg flour, glass, etc) which could be fatal Codeine CNS depressant  relaxation, pain relief, decreased alertness

7. Drugs Name of drugEffects Ecstasy, MDMA Could be anything Ecstacy – dehydration, anxiety, sweating, increased heart rate, increased temperature, hallucinations, panic attacks, liver damage, psychosis, depression, impotence May be cut with other drugs  fatal Heroin CNS depressant  relaxation, euphoria, pain relief, decreased alertness, depressed breathing, coma, death Lethargy, constipation, weight loss, impotence, withdrawal If injected – risks of infectious disease (eg HIV, hepatitis), vein damage May be cut with other substances (eg flour, glass, etc) which could be fatal Marijuana CNS depressant  relaxation, euphoria, panic attack, stupor, hallucinations Increased appetite, large pupils, dry mouth, increased heart rate, chronic fatigue If smoked - impaired breathing, increased risk of lung cancer and respiratory disease Nicotine CNS stimulant Relaxation, increased heart rate & blood pressure, drop in skin temperature, headache, loss of appetite, impaired breathing, increased risk of lung cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular disease Steroids Increased strength and endurance, increased muscle mass Problems with immunity, cardiovascular disease, infertility

8. Drug effects Two common effects of drugs on the nervous system include reduction in CNS activity (CNS depressants) or an increase in CNS activity (CNS stimulants). Central nervous system depressants eg alcohol, h_________, m_____________ are often used because and can lead to Central nervous system stimulants eg cocaine, MDMA, a_______________, n__________ are often used because and can lead to Another group of commonly used drugs are the steroids eg are often used because and can lead to Some drugs can cause damage to body systems that act as effectors (eg kidneys, lungs) and so can prevent normal function. Examples include smoking, alcohol, Smoking can lead to Excessive alcohol can lead to

9. Drug effects Two common effects of drugs on the nervous system include reduction in CNS activity (CNS depressants) or an increase in CNS activity (CNS stimulants). Central nervous system depressants eg alcohol, heroin, marijuana are often used because of stress, or as relaxants or for social reasons and can lead to addiction, depression, brain damage and death Central nervous system stimulants eg cocaine, MDMA, amphetamines, nicotine are often used because of a need for excitement, or keeping awake or more alert and can lead to addiction, over-stimulation of the body – restlessness, insomnia Another group of commonly used drugs are the steroids eg cortisone are often used because of pain (anti-inflammatory) or to boost muscle growth and can lead to problems with the immune system, fertility and kidney disease, Some drugs can cause damage to body systems that act as effectors (eg kidneys, lungs) and so can prevent normal function. Examples include smoking, alcohol, drugs used intravenously Smoking can lead to emphysema and lung cancer Excessive alcohol can lead to liver damage, brain damage, increased risk of cardiovascular disease

10. Eating habits Although eating is an essential part of life, many people either eat too much, too little, or have an insufficient dietary intake of essential nutrients. Over eating can lead to o____________. This can cause problems such as Under eating can lead to Deficiency diseases can occur if Examples include Scurvy Rickets or osteoporosis Anaemia Iodine deficiency Vitamin K deficiency

11. Eating habits Although eating is an essential part of life, many people either eat too much, too little, or have an insufficient dietary intake of essential nutrients. Over eating can lead to obesity. This can cause problems such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes Under eating can lead to excessive weight loss, anorexia and deficiency diseases Deficiency diseases can occur if insufficient nutrients are eaten eg vitamins or minerals Examples include Scurvy – lack of Vitamin C Rickets or osteoporosis – lack of Vitamin D or calcium Anaemia – lack of Vitamin B or iron Iodine deficiency – can contribute to hypothyroidism Vitamin K deficiency – clotting disorders

12. Excessive activity Overexercise can cause damage to and disruptions to homeostasis such as Amennorrhoea is and can Other problems often seen with excessive activity include: Heat exhaustion refers to Symptoms include Heat stroke refers to Symptoms include Hypothermia refers to Symptoms include

13. Excessive activity Overexercise can cause damage to tendons, muscles, ligaments, cartilage and joints and disruptions to homeostasis such as calcium balance, eating patterns, menstrual/ovarian cycle Amennorrhoea is cessation of menstruation and can increase risk of osteoporosis (and infertility problems) Other problems often seen with excessive activity include: Heat exhaustion refers to collapse due to a reduction in blood pressure due to extreme sweating and vasodilation Symptoms include collapse, sweating, low blood pressure, normal temperature Heat stroke refers to increased body temperature due to high activity in hot (and humid) conditions Symptoms include increased body temperature, confusion, collapse, unconsciousness, death Hypothermia refers to low body temperature Symptoms include low body temperature, stupor, coma, death

14. Disease 3. Disease Damage or dysfunction to body structures eg emphysema, kidney In some cases these disruptions are congenital or inherited eg Treatments for homeostatic disruption include Risks and concerns with these treatments include ethical religious medical equity Informed consent refers to

15. Disease 3. Disease Damage or dysfunction to body structures eg emphysema, kidney In some cases these disruptions are congenital or inherited eg diabetes Treatments for homeostatic disruption include drugs, hormonal replacement Risks and concerns with these treatments include ethical - moral religious - belief medical – benefits & side-effects equity – eg cost, availability Informed consent refers to making a decision about a treatment after being given sufficient information about the benefits and problems associated with it