1. Colostrum timing is critical Short-lived ability to absorb large molecules – Not after 24 hr – Digestive enzymes still low for first 12 hours Potential for pathogenic bacterial colonization in the intestine – Unabsorbed antibodies line the calf’s intestinal tract

2. Feed Colostrum within 1 hour after birth Maximum absorption Average absorption @35% of ingested immunoglobulins absorbed when colostrum fed immediately after birth

3. Calf’s ability to absorb antibodies declines rapidly over the first 24 hours Source: Journal of Dairy Science (1979) 62:1766-1773.

4. Weak or sick calves Some newborn calves are too weak to suckle or nurse from a pail or bottle. The esophageal feeder is an excellent aid for feeding colostrum to these calves.

5. Esophageal feeder design Consists of an esophageal probe, tube, clamp, and collapsible fluid- container. Rigid or semi-flexible tube Tear-shaped end to fit the esophagus

6. Proper use Clean thoroughly. Warm colostrum to body temperature. Calves should stand while feeding to prevent fluids from backing up in to the lungs although weak calves may be fed while lying down.

7. Step 1: Insert how much tube? Measure from the tip of the nose to the point of the elbow. Mark with tape In general, In general, in young calves, pass only about 20 inches into the mouth and esophagus.

8. Step 2: Before insertion If the tube is cold, place it in warm water to make it more pliable. Lubricate the end with mineral oil, colostrum, or some other lubricant.

9. Step 3: Opening the mouth… Most calves will suck the end of the tube when it is offered Apply pressure to the corner of the mouth or over the bridge of the nose on the palate.

10. Step 4: Passing the tube Slowly pass the tube along the tongue to the back of the mouth. When the tube is over the back of the tongue, the calf will start chewing and swallowing.

11. Step 4 continued: Finding the esophagus When properly positioned, you'll feel the rigid rings of the trachea and the enlarged smooth esophagus on the left side. Spurts of air in the exposed end of the tube indicate improper positioning in the trachea.

12. Step 5: Delivering colostrum Now, unclip the tube to drain the liquid. Hold or suspend the bag and tube above the calf and allow several minutes to drain.

13. Step 6: Removal and storage Slowly remove the tube when you're done Clean, sanitize, and drain Clean, sanitize, and drain the feeder.