1. Slide 1 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Textbook For Nursing Assistants Chapter 27 - The Cardiovascular System

2. Slide 2 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Structure of the Cardiovascular System

3. Slide 3 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Blood has two components: Plasma  Important plasma proteins are albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins Formed elements  Red blood cells or erythrocytes »Contain a protein called hemoglobin  White blood cells or leukocytes  Platelets or thrombocytes »Process of hemostasis Blood

4. Slide 4 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Blood vessels have three layers: Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa Arteries carry blood away from the heart Veins carry blood to the heart The smallest arteries are called arterioles; form a network in the tissues called the capillary bed Blood Vessels

5. Slide 5 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. A one-way, open-ended circulatory system Parts of lymphatic system Lymph Lymph nodes Thymus gland Lymphatic System

6. Slide 6 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Walls of the heart are made up of three layers of tissue: Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium Atria and ventricles Heart valves Conduction system Coronary circulation Heart

7. Slide 7 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Function of the Cardiovascular System

8. Slide 8 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Transport: bringing oxygen and other necessary substances to the cells and taking waste materials away from them Pulmonary and systemic circulation Cardiac cycle  Systole and diastole phase Temperature regulation Protection Functions

9. Slide 9 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. The Effects of Aging on the Cardiovascular System

10. Slide 10 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Less efficient contraction Decreased elasticity of the arteries and veins Proper diet and regular exercise can help to keep the cardiovascular system healthy Age-Related Changes

11. Slide 11 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

12. Slide 12 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Disorders of the blood Anemia Leukemia Bleeding disorders Disorders of the blood vessels Atherosclerosis Venous disorders Disorders of the heart Coronary artery disease Heart failure Conduction disorders Types of Disorders

13. Slide 13 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Anemia Decreases blood’s ability to transport oxygen to cells Causes: decreased number of red blood cells, chronic blood loss, lack of iron, defective red blood cells (sickle cell anemia) Leukemia Excessive production of defective white blood cells Type of cancer Can occur in people of all ages Bleeding disorders Blood clots too much, or not enough Disorders of the Blood

14. Slide 14 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Atherosclerosis Blocking of the arteries Plaques build up on the inside of the arteries, restricting blood flow Can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke Risk factors: high blood cholesterol, lack of exercise, smoking Disorders of the Blood Vessels

15. Slide 15 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Venous disorders Venous thrombosis: blood clots form in the veins; danger of embolism Venous (stasis) ulcers: skin breakdown as a result of poor circulation Disorders of the Blood Vessels

16. Slide 16 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Nonmodifiable cardiac risk factors Age Gender Heredity Body build Modifiable cardiac risk factors Smoking Inactivity Obesity High-cholesterol diet Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

17. Slide 17 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Coronary artery disease Disease of the arteries that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients Two closely related conditions:  Angina pectoris: pain that occurs when heart muscle is deprived of oxygen  Myocardial infarction: heart attack; part of the heart muscle dies Heart failure Heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs Types  Cor pulmonale (right-sided heart failure)  Congestive heart failure (left-sided heart failure) Treated with medication; fluid intake may be restricted Conduction disorders Electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract cannot get through Heart Disease

18. Slide 18 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. In this test, sensors are attached to the person’s chest Tracing of electrical activity of the heart on paper is called an electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG) Stress test: EKG obtained while a person exercises Electrocardiography

19. Slide 19 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. In this test, sound waves are bounced against the body to produce an image Provides information like: Size and shape of the heart Its pumping strength The location and extent of any damage to its tissues Echocardiography

20. Slide 20 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Doppler ultrasound: sound waves are used to check the blood flow in the large arteries and veins of the arms and legs Radiography: Allows the doctor to see the heart and vessels without actually entering the body Doppler Ultrasound and Radiography

21. Slide 21 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Cardiac Rehabilitation

22. Slide 22 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. Help the person to regain strength and adopt heart-healthy habits Help the person to begin an exercise program designed to strengthen the heart muscle and make it a more effective pump Help the person to learn healthy dietary changes Provide supportive emotional therapy Focus of Cardiac Rehabilitation

23. Slide 23 Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants. End of Presentation