1. “Eukaryotic Tree of Life”

2. F F F “FUNGI” are POLYPHYLETIC

3. 28 29 3031 STRAMENOPILES (= HETEROKONTS)

4. 32 HETEROKONT FLAGELLA

5. STRAMENOPILES: Oomycetes (Heterotrophic) 31 34 33 20

6. OOMYCETES Nutrition: Hyphal Structure: Cell Structure: Cell Wall Composition: Ploidy: Mode of Sexuality:

7. 56 8 Water Molds: Saprolegnia

8. 2 3 4 7

9. 33 SAPROLEGNIA: Holomorph

10. Saprolegnia: Anamorph

11. 34 Saprolegnia: Zoosporangium 35

12. Saprolegnia: Teleomorph

13. Saprolegnia: Gametangia: Oogonium, Antheridum (Mostly Homothallic)

14. Saprolegnia: Zygote, Oospore

15. 36 37 Achlya (Most homothallic, a few heterothallic)

16. Pythium

17. 1011 12 13 Pythium: “Damping Off Disease”

18. Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996 Pythium: Holomorph

19. Pythium: Anamorph Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

20. Pythium: Teleomorph Fig. 23-21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

21. 14 Phytophthora: “Plant Killer”

22. 14 15 Late Potato Blight (Phytophthora infestans)

23. 39 Potato Famine Memorial, Dublin 40 IRISH POTATO FAMINE (1845-1846)

24. Spaniards introduced South American Solanum species to Europe 300 yrs prior to Irish Potato Famine *No evidence for presence of Phytophthora in South American species prior to 1840s Phytophthora responsible for Late potato blight co-evolved with Mexican Solanum sp. With resistant genes to fungus Alexopoulos et al. 1995

25. Anton de Bary (German) (Described fungal life cycle of Phytophthora infestans (1861, 1863) BIRTH OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

26. 42 Avocado Root Rot 43 (Phytophthora cinnamomi)

27. 47 Soybean Root Rot 48 (Phytophthora sojae) 49 Sarah Cerra, MS Plant Pathology - ISU (2007), BS Botany, Zoology - WNMU (2005)

28. Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995 Phytophthora: Holomorph

29. Phytophthora: Anamorph Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

30. 50 Phytopthora Anamorph: Sporangiophores and Zoosporangia 51

31. Phytophthora: Teleomorph Fig. 23-25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

32. Plasmopara 52

33. 15 16 Downy Mildew of Grape Plasmopara viticola (Downy Mildew and its host grape both native to North America)

34. Downy Mildew of Grape Phylloxera – Grape Root Aphid Plasmopara viticola

35. 1)Import of American Grape into France to combat Grape Root Aphids + (American and French Species Grafted)

36. 2) Accidental introduction of Plasmopara viticola into France

37. 3) Alexis Millardet (University of Bordeaux) notices that grapes sprayed with copper sulphate and lime are healthier

38. 2 Copper Sulphate Lime + 4) Lab investigations (1882) lead to first fungicide: “Bordeaux Mix”

39. Peronospora 22 23

40. 24 25 Downy Mildews of Tobacco

41. 20 Albugo

42. White Rust 18 19 21

43. 1http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Protists/saprolegnia.jpeg 2 http://www.fish-medonline.com/images/truefungusimage.jpg 4 http://www.cnr.vt.edu/fisheries/afs/fisheries_techniques/Chapter14/Catfish%20 with%20saprolegnia.jpg 3 http://www.marlab.ac.uk/FRS.Web/Uploads/Images/SaprolegniaFull02.jpg 5 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegniazoosporangium.gif 6 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/saprol2.jpg 7 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegnia4.jpg 8 http://www.dokoi.nl/images/ziektes/Saprolegnia1.jpg 9 http://www.agriculture.state.pa.us/agriculture/lib/agriculture/plantindustryfiles/ pythiumirregularefungalstructures.jpg

44. 10 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/soybean/dampoff/1778.38pythium.jpg 12 http://www.greencast.com.au/media/921/plate%201%20post%20emergence% 20damping%20off_255x191_300x225.jpg 13 http://www.forestpests.org/nursery/images/fnp41-1.jpg 14 http://www.bbc.co.uk/herefordandworcester/content/images/2005/07/11/potato_ blight_203_203x152.jpg 15 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Plasmopara_ viticola_000.jpg 16 http://www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosA-D/downymildew.jpg 17 http://www2.biologie.uni-halle.de/zool/dev_biol/projects/Bustiftg/Pilze/ Mycopix3/vTIE013Plasmopara_viticola.jpg 18 http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Impt_Diseases/ 100_Rad_White.jpg

45. 19 http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/782.jpg 20 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/march21.jpg 21 http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISC2006/march22.jpg 22 http://www.agrireseau.qc.ca/lab/documents/Peronospora.jpg 23 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg4_files/ peronospora1.jpg 24 http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/forecast/images/figure2.jpg 25 http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/plantpath/alfalfa/downymildew/ 1355.77downymildew.jpg 26 http://www.cuprichem.com/images/Copper%20sulphate%20640x480.jpg 27 http://drnelson.utmem.edu/LaGrande/basictree.png 28 http://www.helpinthecity.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/diatoms.jpg

46. 29 http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/Species/Chromophycota/o_lamhyp.jpg 30 http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Synura_Key306.jpg 31 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/images/saprolegnia.jpg 32 http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/images/heterokont1.gif 33 http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/images/saplife.gif 34 http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg3_files/ saprolegniazoosporangium.gif 35 http://pix.botany.org/set02/02-007h_300.jpg 36 http://img213.imageshack.us/img213/6419/achlya2pm2.jpg 37 http://www.livt.net/Clt/Myc/Oom/oom002.jpg 38 http://www.greenbeampro.com/images/stories/Features/2008/04/ GM0408_treat2_cycle.jpg

47. 39 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/111/314159278_d8165ee834.jpg 40 http://www.ccsdedtech.com/cc/projects/scrapbook/potato/ PotatoDinner.gif 41 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62935&rendTypeId=4 42 http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/img/ch30/fig36.jpg 43 http://soiltechnology.com/photos/biomaroco_2.jpg 44 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/166/375423476_a185150bda.jpg 45 http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo01/debary.jpg 46 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/7-12-2004/phytophthora_stand.jpg 47 http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/7-12-2004/phytophthora_stand.jpg 48 https://www.biomedia.cellbiology.ubc.ca/cellbiol/media/images/lrg625/ 1058301079_fung64.jpg

48. 49 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/17/9317-004-4A5AE8CB.jpg 50 http://www.apsnet.org/education/LessonsPlantPath/Lateblight/images/fig15.jpg 51 http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/view/files/pictures/Img0044.jpg 52 http://www.pressure-clean.com/images/sporangia.jpg