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Ecosystems and Energy Chapter 3
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What is Ecology? Ecology – study of the interactions among organisms and between organisms (biotic) and their abiotic environment. Ecosystem - a functional unit of ecology, as small as a classroom aquarium, as large as a forest or coral reef.
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What is Ecology? Levels of Biological Organization
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What is Ecology? Ecological Levels of Organization: Population – members of the same species
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What is Ecology? Ecological Levels of Organization: Community – all of an area’s populations
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What is Ecology? Ecological Levels of Organization: Ecosystem – community + abiotic environment CO 2
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What is Ecology? Landscape – encompasses larger area and several ecosystems Biosphere – the whole earth
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The Energy of Life Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
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The Energy of Life Thermodynamics – energy transformations
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The Energy of Life 1 st Law of Thermodynamics – energy can change forms, but is not created or destroyed 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics – “Entropy Rules!” amount of usable energy decreases as energy changes forms 1 st Law deals with quantity of energy, 2 nd Law with quality of energy.
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The Energy of Life Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O + radiant energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2
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The Energy of Life Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 + 6 H 2 O 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O + energy
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The Energy of Life Case-in-Point: Life Without the Sun
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The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
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The Path of Energy Flow Food Chains –
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Food Webs –
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The Path of Energy Flow Case-in-Point: How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web Krill Baleen whales Squid Fishes Toothed whales Seals Penguins What would happen if you eliminated krill?
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The Path of Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids – 10 % rule Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass
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The Path of Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Energy
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The Path of Energy Flow Example: Thermodynamics in Action Desert: Primary producers = 100 g / m 2 Temperate forest: Primary producers = 1,500 g / m 2 Food webs very simple, very few tertiary consumers Food webs very complex, more tertiary consumers, some quaternary.
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The Path of Energy Flow Desert Biomass Pyramid Primary producers = 100 g / m 2 Primary consumers = 10 g / m 2 Secondary consumers = 1.0 g / m 2 Tertiary consumers = 0.1 g / m 2 Tertiary consumers must range over large areas to obtain enough energy to subsist. such as... 13.5 kg coyote must range ~12 ha to subsist (30 acres).
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The Path of Energy Flow Temperate Forest Biomass Pyramid Primary producers = 1,500 g / m 2 Primary consumers = 150 g / m 2 Secondary consumers = 15 g / m 2 Tertiary consumers = 1.5 g / m 2 13.5 kg coyote only needs ~1 ha to subsist (2.5 acres). Also, possibility of quaternary consumers, like bears. NOTE: just relative examples, not accurate
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The Path of Energy Flow Ecosystem Productivity Net Primary Productivity Gross Primary Productivity Plant cellular respiration =
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The Path of Energy Flow Ecosystem Productivity – terrestrial, fresh water
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