1. English accents
10. Liverpool (Scouse)

2. Liverpool
located in Merseyside
Scouse accent

3. 1. Northernisms BATH words have /æ/ (phonetically [a])
STRUT words have /ʊ/
BATH words have /æ/ (phonetically [a])
[g] is retained after [ŋ]

4. In the north of England, /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ have not become separate phonemes
No FOOT-STRUT split
put pʊt
cut kʊt
full fʊl
dull dʊl
In the north of England, /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ have not become separate phonemes

5. no BATH broadening æ remains short / _ [-voi +fric] bæθ
pass, glass, grass, staff, raft, laugh, bath, path, after, castle
Rhymes: bath - math(s), castle - tassel, pass - gas

6. lexical incidence: BATH words
typical southern accent
TRAP æ
BATH ɑː
START ɑː
gas, pass, farce
æ ɑː ɑː
typical northern accent
TRAP a
BATH a
START aː
gas, pass, farce
a a aː

7. strong short vowel systems
typical southern system (6 vowels)
typical northern system (5 vowels) ɪ ʊ e ʌ
æ ɒ ɪ ʊ ɛ
TRAP a ɒ LOT
KIT
FOOT
KIT
FOOT-STRUT
DRESS
STRUT
DRESS
TRAP
LOT

9. final [g] remains after [ŋ]
compare
sɪŋg
ˈsɪŋgɪŋg
ˈsɪŋgə
ˈfɪŋgə
[g] retained in northwest England, lost elsewhere

10. 2. Irish characteristics
/θ, ð/ are realized as plosives (TH stopping)
/t/ is realized as a fricative in certain positions
/l/ lacks clear-dark allophony

11. TH stopping (London) D becomes d in initial position text messaging:
da = the
wiv dis = with this

12. TH stopping θ  t̻ or t ð  d̻ or d thick and thin a thick tick
faith - fate
breathe - breed
father these and those

14. no clear-dark /l/ allophony
mɪlk
ʃɛl
bʊlb
ˈbɒtlz
wɔːl
ˈpɛnsl

15. 3. Other striking Scouse characteristics
frication or affrication of other plosives
/eə/ is merged with /ɜː/
the GOAT vowel is realized as [oʊ] or [eʊ]
non-standard intonation patterns

16. frication or affrication of plosives
k  x (or χ or kx or qχ) in final position d  dz
snake [sneɪx]
back [bax]
work [wɛ̈ːx]
NB: no phoneme /x/
Dad [dzadz]

17. SQUARE vowel merged with NURSE vowel
fare = fur [fɛ̈ː, fɜː]
Homophones:
stare - stir
pair - purr
fairy = furry
work [wɛ̈ːx]
[ˈmɜːri]

18. goat goːt  goʊt ( geʊt)
long mid diphthonging
face feːs  feɪs
day deɪ
goat goːt  goʊt ( geʊt)
GOAT vowel as [oʊ] or [eʊ]
noʊ aɪ doʊnt No, I don't neʊ aɪ deʊnt

19. prosodic characteristics: intonation
I don't /like ¯it
= RP etc I don't \like it
Are 'you from \Liverpool?
= RP etc Are 'you from /Liverpool?