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Types of variables Lexical - vocabulary Grammatical Phonological

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Presentation on theme: "Types of variables Lexical - vocabulary Grammatical Phonological"— Presentation transcript:

1 Types of variables Lexical - vocabulary Grammatical Phonological
LINGUISTIC VARIABLES Types of variables Lexical - vocabulary Grammatical Phonological - pronunciation

2 Types of variables Lexical - vocabulary

3 This and the following maps are from Widdowson and Upton
Isoglosses showing lexical variables

4 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

5 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

6 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

7 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

8 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

9 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

10 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

11 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

12 Isoglosses showing lexical variables

13 Types of variables Lexical - vocabulary Grammatical

14 Grammatical variables
LINGUISTIC VARIABLES Grammatical variables I’m not stupid I ain’t stupid So I said to him ... So I says to him ... I don’t want any more trouble I don’t want no more trouble

15 Grammatical variables
LINGUISTIC VARIABLES Grammatical variables I saw/seed her yesterday I did/done it We were/was all there She is /Er be the love of my life The lady who/which/what/as rang the police He looks after himself/hisself You/you all/yous got to believe me

16 Isoglosses showing grammatical variables

17 Isoglosses showing grammatical variables

18 Isoglosses showing grammatical variables

19 Isoglosses showing grammatical variables

20 Isoglosses showing grammatical variables

21 Isoglosses showing grammatical variables

22 Types of variables Lexical - vocabulary Grammatical Phonological - pronunciation

23 Phonological variables
LINGUISTIC VARIABLES Phonological variables Rhoticity BATH-TRAP Split FOOT-STRUT FOOT-GOOSE Merger Diphthong Shift fAm0 - fArm0r brÆSwud – bruSwud gæsmAsk gasmask put j0 bUts on pút j0r búts ön ai laik peintiX oi loik paintiX

24 STRUT/FOOT BATH/TRAP

25 Phonological variables
To begin our survey of the British Isles we shall look at 9 variables : 10. Diphthong Shift

26 These 9 variables form the backbone of our study of accents in the British Isles.
The following slides give a quick overview of the content of these variables. Refer to the variables page for further details; and to the series of slides on Processes (5th week onwards) To begin our survey of the British Isles we shall look at 9 variables

27 Words which have the same vowel in the
North of England, but different vowels everywhere else (incl Scotland, N. America, and Australasia) foot, good, butcher, look, could, should, bush mud, blood, crutch, fudge, country, brush, sun, son, ton, some, other, mother, brother, come

28 Words which have different vowels in the
South of England, but the same vowel in most other places bath path dance half last pass past craft mast grass laugh grant (NOT palm, father, start) maths, gas, pant, have, lass, mass, trap, ass, pan, standard, passage, smash

29 The unstressed ending spelt -y, -ie, -ey etc.,
and the unstressed KIT vowel when another vowel follows city, party lady, series, parley, Charlie, Disney; create, react, reality, re-open, abbreviate

30 Whether r is pronounced in words such as
farmer, sure, beggar, partake, burn, stir, form, star, argue (NOT: carry, story, parallel, run, cry, etc.)

31 Words which usually have different vowels,
but have the same vowel in Scotland and Northern Ireland: foot bush wood - food goose mood naught caught brought talk - not cot rotten rock

32 Stressed (content) words beginning with /h/ in RP,
Scottish,North American and Autralasian English, but lose the /h/ in most places in England: happy hurry hunt Hampshire Herbert Hannah

33 Glottalization: adding a glottal stop in words like
that, map, mattress, factual Glottaling; using the glottal stop intead of t: that, not, Peter, bottle

34 Words spelt with ng, pronounced
in the W. Midlands of England, but everywhere else: stro ng, sing, running, singing, singer (NOT: anger, finger, hungry)

35 Words which may or may not have /j/
before the vowel: few new crude union

36 10. Diphthong Shift This is a complicated variable which we will discuss more closely later, but you will hear it immediately in the S. of England and in Aus-NZ-SAfr. We'll simplify it here: FACE→PRICE→CHOICE→ MOUTH→GOAT→ paint pint point house home

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