2. The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century Introduction to the Literary Period Interactive Time Line Milestone: Cromwell and the CommonwealthMilestone: Cromwell and the Commonwealth Milestone: The Restoration of Charles II Milestone: The Neoclassical Period Milestone: The Age of Reason Milestone: The Bloodless Revolution Milestone: The Growth of a New Reading PublicMilestone: The Growth of a New Reading Public What Have You Learned? Feature Menu

3. The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century 1600s–1700s The Neoclassical Period The Neoclassical Period The Age of Reason 1660 The Restoration of Charles II Choose a link on the time line to go to a milestone. 1650 175017001800 1688–1689 The Bloodless Revolution 1700s The Growth of a New Reading Public 1653–1658 Cromwell and the Commonwealth

4. Cromwell and the Commonwealth 1642–1649 Strict Puritan laws—eventually military rule by Cromwell as dictator England is embroiled in civil war—parliamentary party (Puritans) against the king’s party (Royalists) 1653–1658 Oliver Cromwell rules England as lord protector King Charles I beheaded Theaters were closed, arts suppressed

5. The Restoration of Charles II Charles II crowned; monarchy restored 1658–1660 Parliament invites Charles I’s son back from exile Puritan dictator Oliver Cromwell dies English traditions also revived: horse racing, bear-baiting, dancing around the maypole Charles II

6. The Restoration of Charles II Theaters reopened Charles II (ruled 1660–1685) Other sects (including Puritan sects) outlawed and persecuted Anglican Church (Church of England) reestablished Charles set the tone for courtly life: extravagance and refinement

7. The Restoration of Charles II Society During the Restoration and the 1700s overcrowded tenements; rats, lice, bedbugs no access to doctors, police, or education young children forced to work filthy streets disease prevalent death rate higher than birth rate The Have-Nots greatly influenced by the French in furniture, dress, manners met in coffeehouses and formal gardens liked colorful and extravagant fashions enjoyed theatergoing, dining, drinking, card playing, gambling The Haves

8. The Augustan Age and the Neoclassical Period Augustus restored peace and order to Rome after assassination of Julius Caesar Augustan Age—name comes from comparisons with the reign of Octavian (Augustus) in ancient Rome Period between 1660 and 1800 sometimes called Stuart monarchs restored peace and order to England after civil wars

9. The Augustan Age and the Neoclassical Period Neoclassical Period—term means “new classical”; refers to writings modeled on old Latin works Classics were considered valuable because they represented what was permanent and universal in human experience. Click here to listen to a neoclassical recording. Period between 1660 and 1800 sometimes called

10. thought unusual events such as earthquakes and comets were punishments or warnings from God asked why these things happened Before Enlightenment, people... The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason Enlightenment or Age of Reason—labels that reveal changes in people’s view of the world Period between 1660 and 1800 sometimes called heard more scientific explanations for natural phenomena started asking how questions instead of why questions During Enlightenment, people...

11. The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason Scientists begin to explain workings of human body, universe Natural phenomena less mysterious and frightening Rise of deism—belief that Creator set the world in motion and then let it run by itself Sir Isaac Newton

12. The Bloodless Revolution Beginning in 1685 Charles II dies; his brother James II (a Roman Catholic) takes throne Power is transferred to James’s daughter Mary (wife of Dutch William of Orange, a Protestant) 1688 William attacks England; James flees 1689 Parliament declares William and Mary king and queen; Protestant rule restored William and Mary

13. The Age of Satire The Growth of a New Reading Public Alexander Pope—attacks upper classes for immorality and bad taste Throughout the Period... Writers focusing more on middle- class concerns More people in middle classes able to read Readers with different tastes and interests Jonathan Swift—exposes the mean and sordid in human behavior

14. The Growth of a New Reading Public Journalism: A New Profession Daniel Defoe—stood for thrift, prudence, industry, respectability Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele—essayists and journalists Eighteenth-century journalists saw themselves as reformers published journals; described social and political matters

15. The Growth of a New Reading Public wrote poetry of the mind, not the soul Augustan Poets saw poetry as having a public function set out to write a particular kind of poem: Elegy praises a person who has died Satire ridicules a person or type of behavior Ode is generally written for public occasions Poems were carefully constructed and used exact meter and rhyme.

16. The First English Novels The Growth of a New Reading Public Corresponded to development of the middle class Often broad and comical Adventures frequently recounted in a series of episodes or letters

17. 1.After Oliver Cromwell died, _____ was crowned King of England in 1660. a. Elizabethb. William of Orangec. Charles II 2.Writers like Pope and Swift used _____ to expose moral corruption. a. satireb. elegiesc. odes 3.The _____ was a new literary form developed during the eighteenth century. a. letterb. novelc. sonnet What Have You Learned? Choose the word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence. c. Charles II a. satire b. novel

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19. Viewing the Art Coronation Procession This painting by the Dutch painter Dirck Stoop shows Charles II’s coronation procession advancing from the Tower of London to Westminster. Activity: What does Stoop’s depiction of this event suggest about the way Charles II was received? Coronation Procession of Charles ll to Westminster from the Tower of London (1661) by Dirck Stoop.