1. Design and Optimization of Precipitated Silica for Reinforcing Rubber Chetan Suryawanshi, Chunyan Chen and Dale W. Schaefer, Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, Peyman Pakdel Bridgestone/Firestone Inc 1200 Firestone Parkway Arkon, OH 44317-0001 Lou Gatti J.M Huber Corporation 907 Revolution Street P.O Box 310 Havre De Grace, MD 21078 Jan Ilavsky National Institutes of Standards and Technology Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Labroratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 Peter R. Jemian University Of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Labroratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439

2. Reinforced Elastomers Surface Treatment Polymer Additives 1  m Mastication Flame or Solution Synthesis Forming Filler

3. Structural Complexity 10  11 0.1  What Controls agglomerate size? When do they form? What controls fragility? How does Silica/Carbon Reinforce? What is the optimum structure? What controls aggregate size? What is the optimum size What is the optimum primary? Are the primaries porous? What controls primary size? Agglomerates Primary Particles Aggregates

4. Morphology From Scattering 100,000 nm200 nm0.5 nm10 nm AgglomerateAggregatePrimary Particle Network Polymer

5. Powder Synthesis Agglomeration Aging Aggregation + + Nucleation Growth Polymerization Parameters affecting silica polymerization Temperature pH Time Ionic strength Shear due to agitation

6. In Situ Growth UNICAT USAXS

7. Stabilization Techniques Electrostatic Stabilization Steric Stabilization

8. Silicic Acid Neutralization

9. Morphology of Modified Protocols PowderSolution

10. Agglomerate Evolution Electrostatic Steric Early Slurry Late Slurry Dry Powder

11. Comparison of Powder and Rubber Dispersion

12. Mechanical Properties

13. Filler dispersion in rubber