1. Pelvis + Perineum

2. Pelvic Cavity Enclosed by bony, ligamentous and muscular wall
Contains the urinary bladder, ureters, pelvic genital organs, rectum, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
Pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperture)
Pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic aperture)

3. Superior Apeture

4. Inferior Pelvic Border

5. Lesser Pelvis ( pelvis minor)
Location of pelvic viscera – the urinary bladder and reproductive organs such as the uterus and ovaries
Bounded by the pelvic surfaces of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
Limited inferiorly by the musculofascial pelvic diaphragm
AKA True Pelvis

6. Pelvic Walls and Floors
Anterior pelvic wall – is formed primarily by the bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis
Lateral pelvic walls – formed by the hip bones and the obturator internus muscles (O: proximal surface of the ilium and ischium; obturator membrane I: greater trochanter of the femur)

7. Anterior Pelvic Wall

8. Pelvic Walls and Floor
Posterior Pelvic Wall – formed by the sacrum and coccyx, adjacent parts of the ilia, and the S-I joints; piriformis muscle covers the area (O: pelvic surface of 2nd and 4th sacral segments, superior margin of the greater sciatic notch and sacrotuberous ligament, I: greator trochanter of femur)

9. Posterior Pelvic Wall

10. Posterior Pelvic Wall

11. Pelvic Floor
Formed by the funnel shaped pelvic diaphragm – consists of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles and their fascia
Stretches between the pubis anteriorly and the coccyx posteriorly and from one lateral pelvic wall to the other

12. Pelvic Diaphragm

13. Pelvic Floor - Male

14. Pelvic Floor - Female

15. Levator Ani
Consists of three parts – the pubococcygeus, the puborectalis and the iliococcygeus.
Collectively they run from the body of the pubis, the tendinous arch of the obturator fascia and the ischial spine TO the perineal body, the coccyx, the anococcygeal ligament, the walls of the prostate or vagina, the rectum and the anal canal
Innervated by the nerve to levator ani from S4 and the inferior anal (rectal) nerve (from S2-S4) and the coccygeal plexus
Help to support the pelvic viscera; acting together they raise the pelvic floor and assist the abdominal muscles in forced expiration activities

16. Perineal Body

17. Coccygeus Muscle
O: ischial spine, I: inferior end of the sacrum, I: branches of S4 and S5
Forms a small part of the pelvic diaphragm that supports the pelvic viscera, flexes the coccyx

18. Viscera Urinary organs in the pelvis
Ureters – muscular (smooth) tubes running from kidneys to bladder 25 to 30 cm long
Bladder – a hollow container surrounded by a strong smooth muscular wall
Temporary reservoir for urine
Apex, Body, Fundus, Neck, Uvula

19. Pelvic Viscera - Female

20. Uterus

21. Perineum
Lies inferior to the pelvic outlet and is separated from the pelvic cavity by the pelvic diaphragm (Levator ani and coccygeus muscles)
Bounded by Pubic symphysis anteriorly; inferior pubic rami and ischial rami anterolaterally; ischial tuberosity laterally; sacrotuberous ligament posterolaterally; inferiorly by sacrum and coccyx

22. Perineum Two Triangles
Anal triangle (posterior) contains the anus
Urogenital triangle (anterior) contains the root of the scrotum and penis in males or the external genitalia in females
The perineal membrane stretches between the two sides of the pubic arch and covers the anterior part of the outlet
The perineal body is an irregular fibromuscular mass located between the anal canal and the perineal membrane

23. Triangles

24. Perineal Body

25. Perineal Membrane

26. Perineum-Female

27. Perineum - Male

28. Perineum
Muscles
Bulbospongiosus – F O: central tendon of perineum, M O: central tendon of perineum and bulb of penis; F I: dorsum of clitoris, urogenital diaphragm, M I: root of penis; A: compress vagina orifice or compress urethra, N: perineal nerve, pudenal nerve
Ischiocavernosus – O: ramus of ischium, I: near pubic symphysis, maintains erection of penis or clitoris

29. Muscles - Female

30. Muscles - Female

31. Muscles – Male

32. Muscles - Male

33. Perineum
Muscles
External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) – O: skin an fascia surrounding anus and coccyx, I: perineal body, A: closes anal canal, N: Inferior Anal Nerve (Somatic nerve from S2-S4) – inhibits voiding
Internal Anal Sphincter – smooth muscle innervated by sympathetic NS (S2,S3,S4) – inhibits voiding

34. External/Internal Anal Sphincter

35. Superficial Transverse Perineal
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Perineal body
A: Support perineal body
N: Pudenal nerve

36. External Urethral Sphincter
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: surround urethra
A: compress urethra to maintain urine continence
N: Pudenal (S2-S4)

37. Superficial Transverse Perineal F

38. Superficial Transverse Perineal F

39. Superficial Transverse Perineal M

40. Deep Transverse Perineal
O: Medial Aspect of Ischial Ramus
I: Pineal Body
A: Stabilizes position of the perineal body
N: Pudenal N (S2-S4)

41. Deep Transverse Perineal - F

42. Deep Transverse Perineal -F

43. Deep Transverse Perineal - M

44. Deep Transverse Perineal M

45. Ischianal fossa - male

46. Pudendal canal

47. Pudendal canal & content

48. Peritoneum Continuous with peritoneum of abdomen
Drapes over pelvic viscera in the midline to form:
Pouches
Folds between viscera and pelvic walls
Pouches protect viscera from rectum

49. Male Peritoneum