1. 10 th American History Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy Chapter 14 – Section 5 World War II Ends

2. The Main Idea While the Allies completed the defeat of the Axis Powers on the battlefield, Allied leaders were making plans for the postwar world. Reading Focus How did the Allies defeat Germany and win the war in Europe? How did the Allies defeat Japan and win the war in the Pacific? What challenges faced the United States after victory?

3. Winning the War in Europe After the Battle of the Bulge, Germany had few soldiers left to defend the homeland. Germany faced 4 million Allied troops on its western border and millions more Soviet troops to the east. The Big Three – Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin – met in Yalta to make plans for the end of the war and the peace that was to follow. Allied forces made their way across the Rhine River, which was a key barrier to the center of Germany. Roosevelt decided to leave Berlin to the Soviets. In April of 1945 Hitler realized that the war was lost and committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.

4. The War in Europe Ends: The Liberation of the Concentration Camps (00:55)

5. The Yalta Conference Allied leaders Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin— the so-called Big Three—met in the resort town of Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss the end of the war and the peace that was to follow. A key goal was to determine what to do with Germany. The leaders agreed to divide the country into four sectors. The Americans, Soviets, British, and French would each occupy one of these sectors. Berlin was also divided into four sectors. Another agreement had to do with the fate of Poland and other Eastern European countries now occupied by the Soviets. Stalin agreed to hold elections in these countries after the war. Stalin also said that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan three months after Germany was defeated.

6. The Yalta Conference – 2:42

7. The Yalta Conference- 3:15

8. Winning the War in Europe Crossing the Rhine Hitler ordered his troops to make a stand at the Rhine River. Despite the fact that the Germans blew up many of the bridges across the Rhine to slow the Allies, they managed to cross at Remagen. The decision to defend the river turned out to be one of Hitler’s military mistakes. The Berlin Question Some Allied leaders wanted to capture Berlin before the Soviets did. Eisenhower decided not to try to get to Berlin before the Soviets.  He believed the battle for Berlin would be bloody.  Allied leaders had already agreed on how to divide Berlin.

9. Hitler’s Death On April 30, 1945, Hitler realized that all hope for a German victory was lost. He committed suicide in his Berlin bunker. Berlin surrendered on May 2, 1945. Karl Dönitz, who had taken over as Germany’s leader, agreed to a surrender on May 7, which would take place the following day. In the United States, May 8 was proclaimed V-E Day—Victory in Europe Day.

10. The Death of Hitler The generally accepted cause of the death of Adolf Hitler on April 30, 1945 is suicide by gunshot and cyanide poisoning. Hitler, having dictated his last will and testament to his secretary and signed them at 04:00 on April 29. Shortly after midnight on April 29, 1945, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the bunker complex, before finally retiring to bed at around 04:00. Hitler appeared to have shot himself at right temple, with an exit wound towards the top, left side of his head, with a 7.65 mm pistol which lay at his feet. Eva had no visible physical wounds and it is assumed she had poisoned herself. The bodies were carried outside, covered with gasoline and set afire. The SS were unable to completely destroy the bodies with the fire and it is commonly believed that the Russian recovered the remains.

12. V-E Day - May 8, 1945 (03:02)

13. VE Day On May 6, Admiral Donitz authorized General Alfred Jodl to "conclude an armistice agreement" with General Eisenhower. The Germans wanted a separate peace with the allied troops in the West in order to continue their battle with the Russians in the East. Eisenhower would have none of it. He ordered the Germans to surrender unconditionally the next day. The Germans acquiesced, signing the surrender document on May 7, in the French city of Reims. The cessation of fighting took effect at 11:01 PM on May 8. May 8, 1945, the day on which the Allies announced the surrender of German forces in Europe.

14. Winning the War in Europe How did the Allies defeat Germany and win the war in Europe? Describe- Describe- What plans were made at the Yalta Conference for Germany and Eastern Europe? Make Inferences Make Inferences – How did Hitler’s order to defend the Rhine turn out to be deadly? Predict Predict – Do you think that if Allied forces had reached Berlin before the Soviets, they could have prevented division of the city?

15. Winning the War in the Pacific The cost of capturing Okinawa were high.  High rates of battle-related psychological casualties  Thousands suffered from battle fatigue and other disorders.  Many dreaded the possibility of invading the major islands of Japan. General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz developed plans for a massive invasion of Japan. A new bombing tactic was used on Japanese cities, one designed to produce tremendous firestorms in the bombed area. Some Japanese leaders began to see the need for peace and began to contact the Soviet Union. President Harry S Truman decided to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.

16. The Potsdam Conference-4:08

17. The Atomic Bomb Harry S Truman became president when Roosevelt died. He had to decide whether the United States should use the Manhattan Project’s atomic bomb. After consulting with his advisors, Truman decided to drop the bomb on a Japanese city. There would be no warning. On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped its atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Despite the horror caused by the bomb, the Japanese did not surrender. On August 9, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Even this did not bring an end to the war. Finally, on August 15 – known from then on as V-J Day—the Japanese emperor Hirohito announced the end of the war.

18. Why Truman Decided to Drop the Bomb As a result of the war, noncombatants were dying throughout Asia at a rate of about 200,000 per month The U.S. blockade of Japan could result in the starvation of over 10 million. Japanese War Ministry on August 1, 1944, ordered the disposal and execution of all Allied POWs, numbering over 100,000, if an invasion of the Japanese mainland took place. Japanese government waged total war, ordering many civilians (including women and children) to work in factories and military offices and to fight against any invading force. The Japanese army was already training its civilians to fight with sharpened bamboo poles in the Samuri tradition die for Japan and the Emperor. training of young children to be “Sherman carpets.” Japanese children were to be strapped with TNT and throw themselves under American tanks, thereby dying in the most honorable way possible--by killing the enemy. Hastening the end of the war would stop further bloodshed in Japanese occupied territories. It can be assumed that at least as many civilians would have died as soldiers, bringing the totals somewhere around 200,000 to four million Japanese dead, along with the 50,000 to one million American dead, totaling 250,000 to five million total dead. Operation Downfall was the overall Allied plan for the invasion of Japan at the end of World War II. The operation was canceled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan.

19. First Atomic Blast- New Mexico Trinity Test Took place on July 16, 1945 at Alamogordo Testing Range in New Mexico The explosions fireball fused the desert sand into a green glasslike solid, and created a crater 10 feet deep and 2,400 feet across.

21. Atomic Bomb - August 6, 1945 (02:41)

22. The Manhattan Project and the Atomic Bomb Attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (01:49)

23. The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Result of the Atomic Bomb (05:04)

24. Japan Surrenders (00:30)

25. Winning the War in the Pacific How did the Allies defeat Japan and win the war in the Pacific? Explain - Explain - How did the Allies hope to force Japan to surrender? Evaluate Evaluate – Do you believe that the United States was justified in dropping the bomb on the city of Hiroshima?

26. United Nations Representatives from 50 countries met to form a new organization, the United Nations. The UN was meant to encourage cooperation among nations and to prevent wars. Potsdam Conference Allied leaders met in the German city of Potsdam to discuss the spread of communism and Soviet influence in the postwar world. Truman hoped to get Stalin to live up to his promises from Yalta. Stalin did not do this. Challenges after the War Rebuilding MacArthur led efforts to help Japan rebuild its government and economy. Seven Japanese leaders were tried for war crimes. Rebuilding Europe caused tensions between the U.S and the Soviet Union.

27. The Potsdam Conference, July - August 1945 President Truman, Soviet Premier Stalin and British Prime Ministers Churchill and Atlee discussed post-war arrangements in Europe, frequently without agreement. Potsdam divided postwar Germany into four occupation zones, administered by Britain, France, the United States and the Soviet Union, and reorganized Germany's institutions and economy. "Potsdam Declaration" "prompt and utter destruction". The "Potsdam Declaration" described Japan's present perilous condition, gave the terms for her surrender and stated the Allies' intentions concerning her postwar status. It ended with an ultimatum: Japan must immediately agree to unconditionally surrender, or face "prompt and utter destruction". Although the Potsdam Conference was considered successful, many of the agreements reached were dishonored within a year as a result of the growing rift between the USSR and Western Europe.

28. V-J Day Events Leading Up to the Surrender July 26, 1945: Potsdam Declaration is issued. Truman tells Japan, "Surrender or suffer prompt and utter destruction.“ July 29: Japan rejects the Potsdam Declaration. Aug 2: Potsdam conference ends. Aug 6: A nuclear bomb, "Little Boy" is dropped on Hiroshima. Aug 8: USSR declares war on Japan. Aug 9: Another nuclear bomb, "Fat Man" is dropped on Nagasaki. Aug 15: Japan surrenders.

29. V-J Day V-J Day is the abbreviation for Victory over Japan Day, the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which took place on August 15, 1945, ending the Second World War. In Japan, the day is known as, Shusen-kinenbi, which literally means the "Memorial day for the end of the war". The formal Japanese signing of the surrender terms took place on board the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945 and at that time Truman actually declared September 2 to be VJ-Day

30. World War II (05:18)

31. The Birth of the United Nations and Post-War Recovery (01:51)

32. Creation of the United Nations The UN was founded after the end of World War II by the victorious Allied Powers in the hope that it would act to intervene in conflicts between nations and thereby avoid war. The five permanent members of the UN Security Council, each of which has veto power on any UN resolution, are the main victors of World War II or their successor states: People's Republic of China (which replaced the Republic of China), the French Republic, the Russian Federation (which replaced the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.

33. The Nuremberg Trials of Nazi War Criminals (00:25)

34. The Challenges of Victory What challenges faced the United States after victory? Recall - Recall - What new concern faced the United States following the end of the war? Analyze Analyze – Why do you think the task of rebuilding Europe created tension between wartime allies the United States and the Soviet Union?

35. Consequences of the War in the Pacific- 2:35

36. Life in Post World War II- 6:43 min.