1. Central Asia - Chapter 14:i - [Image source: http://www.bnf.fr/enluminures/manuscrits/aman6.htm]

2. Nomadic tribes from the steppes of central Asia invaded and conquered territories in eastern Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Europe between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1400. [Image source: http://www.antoniomargheriti.com/images/Genghis%20khan/Genghis02.jpg]

3. These invaders were loosely organized into clans, or groups based on family ties. [Image source: http://www.allaboutturkey.com/pic/nomad.jpg]

4. For their livelihood these nomads depended on the grazing animals. [Image source: http://www.kailashzone.org/site_kailash/mtlake/choyang_photos/yaks.jpg]

5. Organized into cavalry units under powerful chiefs, these horseback riding warriors became a military threat to their more culturally developed neighbors. [Image source: http://www.douglasadams.com/dna/three_horse.jpg]

6. These invasions transformed the cultures of eastern Asia, the Middle East, and eastern Europe. [Image source: http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/UralAltai.GIF]

7. The Seljuk Turks [Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empires/seljuk/seljuk1.htm]

8. The first people of the steppes to engage in conquest were the Turks. [Image source: http://www.archery.de/pic/images/seljuk.gif]

9. Turkish warriors were hired as mercenaries by the Abbasid government in Baghdad circa 800 A.D. [Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empires/seljuk/s eljuk_warriors_enh.jpg]

10. The Turks soon became powerful enough to control the Abbasid government. [Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empi res/seljuk/Sanjar.jpg]

11. Circa 1000 A.D. the Seljuk Turks moved into the Middle East, where they restored the Sunni caliphate. [Image source: http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/Image/arab.gif]

12. The Seljuk Turks soon gained control of the main trade routes connecting Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. [Image source: http://www.asmrb.org/michaelb/TooBJourney.html]

13. The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D. when they invaded Anatolia. [Image source: http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01955/html/cd2a/kepek/history/to174fm90107a.jpg]

14. Turkish official with two noblemen [Image source: http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/PLATE1CX.HTML]

15. Turkish women. [Image source: http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/PLATE1DX.HTML]

16. Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus appealed to pope and monarchs of Western Europe for assistance in combating the Seljuk Turks. [Image source: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/7823 /emperors/andron1.jpg]

17. The Seljuks eventually conquered Palestine, including the city of Jerusalem. [Image source: http://www.ucalgary.ca/HIST/tutor/imageislam/seljuk1100.gif ]

18. Pope Urban II called for a crusade to expel the Infidel from the Holy Land. [Image source: http://www.d- holliday.com/holysepulchre/History.jpg]

19. Internal conflicts eventually weakened the Seljuk Turks, and they became victims of new nomadic invaders from central Eurasia. [Image source: http://www.spongobongo.com/em/em9612.htm]

20. The Mongols [Image source: http://www.soldatini.org/images/recensioni/zv8003_1.jpg]

21. The Mongols emerged as the dominant nomadic group of central Eurasia circa the late-100s A.D. [Image source: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/voyages- aventures/Mongols/mongol2.jpg]

22. The nomadic Mongols herded sheep, horses, and yaks (long-haired oxen). [Image source: http://www.mit.edu/~jtidwell/nepal/tengboche-yaks-large.jpg]

23. The Mongols dwelled in movable tents called yurts. [Image source: http://www.freewebs.com/ancientcivilizatios/ancientciviilizations4-1.gif]

24. The Mongols were originally divided into a number of clans. [Image source http://www.raphaelk.co.uk/web%20pics/China/first/Tian%20Shi%20Yurts.jpg]

25. The Mongols were expert horseback riding warriors. [Image source: http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/mongols/images/ps025570_thum2.jpg]

26. A leader named Temujin unified the scattered clans under one ruler circa 1206 A.D. [Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/mongol/mongolhorde.jpg]

27. Temujin brought together all of the laws and created a standardized legal code for the Mongols known as the yasa. [Image source: http://www.bass- sen.org.tr/yasa.jpg]

28. Mongol tribal chiefs began to plan military campaigns under the leadership of Temujin. [Image source: http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/7/warriors.html]

29. Temujin organized Mongol warriors into a disciplined cavalry army. [Image source: http://miniatures.de/img/ancients-4/dba-army-154-mongols.jpg]

30. Temujin was recognized as khan, or “absolute ruler.” [Image source: http://www.ganesha.org/hall/gengkhan.jpg]

31. As Genghis Khan, or “universal ruler,” he set-out to conquer a large empire. [Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Religion402/Lecture%20Six/MongolsGhengis1227.htm]

32. In 1211 A.D. the Mongols conquered China with an army of 100,000 horsemen. [Image source: http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/rocketry/images/04.gif]

33. The Mongols learned how to conduct sieges from the Chinese. [Image source: http://www.allempires.com/empires/mongol/ae_siege1.jpg]

34. All of China was under the rule of the Mongol dynasty by 1279 A.D. [Image source: http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/dynasty-Yuan.jpg]

35. The Mongols continued to conquer a larger empire, even after Genghis Khan’s death in 1227 A.D. [Image source: http://www.mit.edu/afs/athena/course/21/21h.580/www/timesatlas/p46_1.jpg]

36. Mongol forces under Ogadai moved westward threatening, Europe during the 1230s and 1240s A.D. [Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/nations/mongol/ogedei.gif]

37. A Mongol army under the command of Batu conquered the Slavs of Eastern Europe. [Image source: http://home.swipnet.se/roland/graphics/mongols.jpg]

38. Some Slavic peoples languished under the Mongol Yoke for almost two hundred years. [Image source: http://artmam.com/masterpiece/Fight_with_Tatar_Mo ngols/images/fight_with_tatar_mongols_fr3.jpg]

39. This westward advance was halted when Ogadai died. [Image source: http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Religion402/Lecture%20Six/MongolsEurope.jpg]

40. The Mongols used terror to subdue the Middle East. [Image source: http://ron.heavengames.com/gameinfo/na tions/mongol/mongol.shtml]

41. The Mongol Helagu leader conquered Baghdad in 1258 A.D. [Image source: http://enconv.org/pars_docs/refs/53/52164/52164_html_m384defa6.jpg]

42. [Image source: http://www.booksamillion.com/bam/covers/1/85/532/314/1855323141.jpg] The Mongol advance was finally arrested by the Mamluks, a Muslim military caste that ruled Egypt.

43. The Mongols succeeded in creating the largest contiguous land empire in history. [Image source: http://www.bartleby.com/67/images/mongol02.gif]

44. They controlled many of the important trade routes between the Orient and the Occident. [Image source: http://www.theorientalcaravan.com/images/silk_road/mapasia.jpg]

45. Mongol rulers often assimilated into the cultures they conquered, making it easier for them to rule. [Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG]

46. In places where Islam was the dominant religion, many Mongols became Muslims. [Image source: http://www.ecoexpeditions.no/centralasia/uzbekistan/samarkand.JPG]

47. By the late- thirteenth century, local rulers increasingly became more independent, and the Mongol empire fractured into separate dominions. [Image source: http://www.history.ubc.ca/lshin/teaching/images/yuan/empire.gif]

48. In the late- 1300s, a Turkish-Mongol chief named Timur Lenk rose to power. [Image source: http://members.aol.com/molniyafigs/timur1.jpg]

49. He extended his rule over neighboring tribes through warfare. [Image source: http://www.romapage.hu/kultura/images/ismer070102timur.jpg]

50. The large empire he established in central Eurasia collapsed during the 1400s A.D. shortly after his death. [Image source: http://www.illustratorsonline.com/kittredge/Samarkand.jpg]

51. His capital was the wealthy trading and craft center of Samarkand. [Image source: http://www.greasy-spoon.org/images/tamerlane.jpg]