1. What is the definition of Ecological Succession? The gradual process of change and replacement of some or all of the species in a community

2. What are the two types of succession? Primary Succession and Secondary succession

3. What is primary succession? A type of succession that occurs on surface where no ecosystem existed before

4. Describe the steps of primary succession on a rock base. Lichens colonize rock Lichens begin to break down rock, soil begins to form Weathering helps break down rock adding to soil Some Lichens die, adding nutrients to soil Moss starts to grow on rocks Some moss dies, adding more nutrients to soil

5. What is secondary succession? A type of succession that occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed, it occurs after there is a disturbance to the first ecosystem.

6. Name 3 examples of disturbances that could occur before secondary succession would begin? Fire Hurricane Clear cutting for farming Floods Volcanoes building

7. What is a pioneer species? The first organisms to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession

8. After Mount St. Helen erupted the prairie lupine colonized the habitat, how did the lupine make the habitat more habitable for other plants? It “fixed” nitrogen, adding usable nitrogen to the soil

9. How have animals assisted in the secondary succession of Mount St. Helen? By bringing seeds to the ecosystem, either by carrying them or through their waste

10. What type of succession is old field succession? Secondary Succession

11. What are the steps in old field succession? Pioneer grasses and weeds grow Taller plants grow, shade out smaller ones which die Trees start growing, shade out taller plants which die Even taller trees take over After about 100 years, land may return to climax community

12. What does climax community mean? A final and stable community

13. Which is an example of a climax community? A B C

14. In a coral reef ecosystem what species was present in the climax community that wasn’t present in the other reefs? Shark

15. What are examples of natural disturbances that destroyed part of the coral reefs? Hurricanes and El Nino

16. Name one benefit of forest fires Clear out dead debris Opens up pine cones of some species of pine trees, releasing seeds Stimulates bud growth on some pines Stimulates growth of some pines