1. Synthesis of CdS quantum dots and optimization of conditions in conventional and microwave heating methods S. D. Hettiarachchi and T. G. Chasteen Department of Chemistry

2. Nanoparticles Particles between 1 nm to 100 nm in size There are many different nanoparticles in shape and size. Nanowires Nanotubes 2 www.kurzweilai.net (04.02.2014)

3. Quantum Dots (QDs) A quantum dot is a tiny particle of a semiconductor nanocrystal which shows quantum mechanical properties. They can range from 2 to 10 nanometers in diameter. (Size of the smallest grain of sand is around 62500 nm) Because of their small size, quantum dots display unique optical and electrical properties. 3

4. The electronic characteristics of a quantum dot are related to its size. It has an ability to produce light as fluorescence The color of the light is tunable according to its size. Ability to conduct electricity 4

5. Advantages and uses of CdS QDs Light emitting diodes Solar cells Biofluorescent tagging Lasers Biomedical imaging www.nanocluster.mit.edu (04.02.2014) 5

6. Imaginary sketch of CdS quantum dot 6 A. Abdelhay, D. Billaud, M. Abyan, L. Balan, J. Gaumet, G. Medjadhi, J. Ghanbaja, R. Schneider, ACS Appl. Matter. Interfaces. 4 (2012) 2561- 2569. G G G G G G G G

7. Glutathione (GSH) 7  Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi and some bacteria.  It is a tripeptide with a peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain and the amine group of cysteine which is further attached by peptide linkage to a glycine.  Thiol groups are reducing agents, naturally existing in animal cells. GSSG Figure 2 Figure 1

8. Glutathione (GSH) capped CdS QDs Increase the biocompatibility Can be used in mild chemical conditions QDs can be synthesized in short time periods. GSH is acting as a reducing agent, so there is no need to add any toxic reducing agents. Pérez-Donoso, J.M.; Monrás, J.P.; Bravo, D.; Aguirre, A.; Quest, A. F.; Osorio-Román, I.O.; Aroca, R.F.; Chasteen, T.G.; Vásquez, C.C. PloS ONE 2012, 7(1), e30741. 8

9. Objectives Synthesize CdS QDs in environmentally greener protocols by using GSH as a capping agent Optimize the conditions to synthesize the tunable CdS QDs in the conventional heating method and microwave irradiation 9

10. 10 CdS QDs synthesis in different GSH molar ratios at various temperatures in conventional heating method

11. Procedure CdCl 2 (4mM Final concentration) Borax Citrate Buffer (pH 9) Na 2 S was added QD nucleation was initiated by raising the temperature up to 40,50,60,70, and 80 0 C one at a time 11 Added to 1. Vortexed 2. After 5 minutes Pérez-Donoso, J.M.; Monrás, J.P.; Bravo, D.; Aguirre, A.; Quest, A. F.; Osorio-Román, I.O.; Aroca, R.F.; Chasteen, T.G.; Vásquez, C.C. PloS ONE 2012, 7(1), e30741. Reduced Glutathione (GSH) was added at different concentrations

12. Results and Discussion 12

13. Color variations of CdS QDs in 10 mM GSH concentration at 70 0 C 1 Hour2 Hours3 Hours4 Hours 5 Hours 6 Hours 24 Hours 48 Hours 13

14. 14 CdS QDs synthesis by the microwave irradiation

15. Microwave Bomb 15 Side view Upper view Internal parts

16. Microwave synthesis of CdS QDs 15 Seconds 30 Seconds 20 Seconds25 Seconds 10 Seconds5 Seconds Before Microwave 16

17. Conclusion Synthesis of CdS QDs was successful by using GSH as a capping agent For the normal heating process, the optimum condition for the tunable QDs is 10 mM GSH concentration at 70 0 C By the microwave irradiation it could produce blue to red CdS QDs within 30 seconds 17

18. Acknowledgements Supervisor Dr. T. G. Chasteen Former Members Mr. Tharaka Wansapura and Ms. Desire Lopez Dr. José Manuel Pérez Donoso, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile Mr. Vicente María Durán Toro, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile Robert A. Welch Foundation 18

19. Thankyou Thank you 19