1. THE SCOTTISH INFLUENCE ON THE AMERICAN RESTORATION MOVMENT.

2. The Seed of the Restoration Movement Were First Planted in Scotland in the 18th Century.

3. DUNDEE

5. Why Scotland? A History of Religious Turmoil
Joined England in rejecting Catholic church.
John Knox introduced Calvinism
Founding of Church of Scotland, Presbyterian in government.
Division in church.

6. Work of “lay preachers”
Powerful leaders
Common Sense School of Philosophy and John Locke.
Dissatisfaction with relationship of Church of Scotland with Great Britain
Fierce Spirit of Independence

9. 1695 Born in Fife, Scotland. His father was a minister of the church of Scotland.
1713 Graduated from University of St. Andrews with M. A. Then attended University of Edinburgh.
1718 Licensed as Presbyterian minister. Preached at Dunkeld.

10. 1719 Moved to Tealing. Here he preached a series of sermons comparing doctrine of Presbyterians with the Bible.
1727 Wrote The Testimony of the King of Martyrs Concerning His Kingdom.
Opposed state churches

11. 1725 Left Tealing church and started an Independent church
1725 Left Tealing church and started an Independent church. About 100 went with him.
Church agreed to follow Glas as overseer.
Observed Lord’s Supper monthly
Practiced discipline found in Matthew 18.

12. 1726-26 Glas brought before several synods
Glas brought before several synods. Finally deposed as a preacher.
1739 General Assembly broke precedent and revoked sentence of deposition He was restored as a preacher but not for the church of Scotland.
1775 Died at age of 78. His wife and all fifteen children preceded him in death.

14. Teachings of John Glas Authority of Scriptures over all creeds.
Restoration if New Testament Christianity.
Church is a local congregation
Autonomy of local church
Faith demonstrated by obedience
Baptism is the sign of our covenant with Christ. Unites one with Christ and the Church,

15. “. the washing of our bodies
“. . . the washing of our bodies. . . in baptism imparts purification from the defilement of sin ”
Still accepted sprinkling as dedication of infants.
Lord’s Supper to be observed weekly.
Acts 2:42 is a pattern for worship.

17. ROBERT SANDEMAN

19. 1718. Born April 29, in Perth Scotland
1718 Born April 29, in Perth Scotland. His father, David, an indifferent Glasite by membership, introduced his son to Glas’ ideas at an early age.

20. 1734 Enrolled in the University of Edinburgh, completing two terms While a student at the University of Edinburgh that Sandeman became a member of a Glasite church.

21. During his time in Edinburgh, Sandeman had the opportunity to personally meet Glas and some of his associates.

22. 1735 Left the University and became an apprentice in the weaving business.
1737 Married John Glas’ daughter Catherine.
1741 Left a prosperous weaving business he had established with his brother. Income from this allowed him to devoted his full time to preaching. He also took part in the church where Glas was an elder.”

23. 1744 At the age of 26, Sandeman was appointed an elder of Glas’ congregation and became their primary literary publisher.
1745 As an elder, he wrote a letter reproving his father for neglecting the assembly.

24. 1757 Published the most controversial and widely read of all his works was Letters on
Theron and Aspasio (1757). This work was a dialogue between Sandeman and James Hervey, a well-known Calvinist minister from Northamptonshire, concerning Hervey’s work Dialogues between Theron and Aspasio (1755) This dialogue brought Sandeman’s theology

25. 1760 Word reached Sandeman in London that his work Letters on Theron and Aspasio had caused quite a stir in the American colonies.
1763 Sandeman invited by several men in America to visit and teach. Since his wife had died, he accepted the invitation.

26. SANDEMAN’S VIEWS
His views were very similar to those of Glas.
He believed in strict discipline, similar to that of the church of Scotland.
Elders must be in every church. The Lord’s Supper could not be observed with elders present.
Justification and faith.
Faith is man accepting the redeeming work of God, not earning it.
Faith is an activity instead of mere mental assent.

27. *Opposed all religious creeds.
*They called themselves the “church of Christ” but did not believe this was a specific name.
*Opposed all religious creeds.
*Refused the title, “reverend” and did not wear clerical clothing.
*Foot washing and the holy kiss
*The holy kiss was practiced at the end of the love feast.
*Foot washing was only occasional.

28. James and Robert Haldane

29. James Haldane

30. Robert Haldane

31. 1764 Robert born in London.
1768 James born in Dundee, father died two weeks later.
1778 Mother died, reared by maternal grandmother. Both served in the Royal Navy, James reaching rank of captain.
1785 James marries Katherine and move to Airthery, near Stirling. Attended a Congregational church. Robert had previously been influenced by Robert Bogue, brother-in-law of Greville Ewing.

32. 1793 James leaves Navy. While living in London meets and is influenced by Willliam Innes, an Independent preacher.
1796 Robert hears of great mission work in India and determines to go. Invites Bogue, Ewing and others to accompany him.
However, government permission denied.

33. Meanwhile, James becomes associated with John Campbell in “Sabbath Schools”. He established 34 in vicinity of Edinburgh in six months. Robert joins in effort.

34. 1798 Greville Ewing preaches last sermon for church of Scotland
1798 Greville Ewing preaches last sermon for church of Scotland. He, William Innes and the Haldanes form a Congregational church after order of Glas and Sandeman.

35. 1799 Started Tabernacle church with 300 members
Lord’s Supper every first day, if minister present.
Weeky collection for the poor.

36. 1798 Robert sent 10 young men to David Bogues school in Gosport, England.
1799 Formed own school in Edinburgh, Greville Ewing in charge. In May, moved to Glasgow where Ewing preached for the Glasgow Tabernacle.
1800 Disagreement between Robert Haldane and Ewing over which church in charge of school. Haldane moved church back to Edinburgh. However, school came under influence of Glas / Sandeman.

37. Beliefs New Testament as pattern for worship
Apostolic church as model for all ages.
Congregational autonomy
Elders served to guide and teach church.
Each church had ministers and deacons
Weekly observance of Lord’s Supper

38. In 1808 the Haldanes rejected infant baptism and were immersed.
Practiced foot washing, more as a custom of hospitality.
Replaced Holy Kiss with more contemporary greetings.
Called self, “Church of Christ”

39. Relation to Haldenes with Glas/Sandeman
Haldanes influenced much by Glas. They either agreed or adopted much of Glas’ understandings.
Robert Haldane became a great admirer of Robert Sandeman.

40. Differences Infant Baptism. Discipline. Glas was much stricter.
The Haldanes were more evangelistic. Glas and Sandeman were more teachers.

41. Influence in America
George Forrester moved to Pittsburgh and founded a church and school.

42. THE SCOTCH BAPTISTS
Developed from the Independent movement and were much influenced by Haldanes.
Some called “Haldane Baptists”.

43. Teachings Baptism for remission of sins.
Followed pattern of worship in Acts 2:42
Observed love feast and washing of feet.
Avoided gaudy, worldly appearance.
Retained some Calvinistic beliefs but thought elect could back slide.

44. INFLUENCE OF SCOTCH REFORMERS ON ALEXANDER CAMPBELL
We cannot determined how much they influenced him. He claimed he was not a member of any movement.
Rich Hill, where he lived was often visited by Haldane ministers. He heard James Haldane preach.
He was acquainted with Alexander Carson who lived near him. In attempting to answer a Scotch Baptism on the mode of baptism, Carson accepted immersion.

45. In 1808 the Campbell family sailed for America to join Thomas
In 1808 the Campbell family sailed for America to join Thomas. However ship was wrecked off coast of Scotland.

46. Family spent winter in Glasgow.
Alexander Campbell able to attend University of Glasgow.
Became associated with Greville Ewing and Haldanes.
It was during this period that the Haldanes rejected sprinkling as baptism.

47. Areas of agreement and disagreement.
Agreed with Glas in many areas. Felt he was inconsistent on Infant baptism.
Agreed that faith more than belief in the truth.
Thought Sandeman had incomplete understanding of faith and baptism.

48. Campbell’s Visit to Great Britain in 1847
Visited many Scotch Baptist, Sandemanian and Independent churches.
“The Scotch Baptists must certainly unite with our brethren in England and Scotland”
In Edinburgh he went to hear James Haldane but he was not there. Disappointed in condition of the congregation.

49. A Haldane congregation in Londonderry converted.
Campbell led a cooperative meeting in Chester, England and agreed to help find an evangelist in America to help them.

51. THE SCOTCH BAPTISTS
The Scotch Baptists developed out of the Scottish independent tradition that sought to live separate from the authority of the Church of Scotland.
Some called “Haldane Baptists”

52. BELIEFS Followed worship pattern of Acts 2:42
Observed the kiss of charity
The washing of one another's feet, when it is really serviceable as an act of hospitality.
They thought that a gaudy external appearance in either sex, be their station what it may, is a sure indication of the pride and vanity of heart.

53. They also consider gaming, attending plays, routs, balls, and some other fashionable diversions, as unbecoming the Christian profession.
They retained some Calvinistic beliefs but consider the elect could back slide.
They taught baptism for the remission of sins.

54. INFLUENCE OF SCOTTISH REFORMERS ON ALEXANDER CAMPBELL

55. Campbell doubtless was influenced by Independent leaders while in Ireland and Scotland. Yet he claimed he belonged to none of them.

56. Rich Hill, where Thomas Campbell lived, was often visited by Haldane ministers.
In his youth Alexander Campbell heard Rowland Hill on his evangelistic tour of northern Ireland.

57. Rowland Hill

58. James Haldane visited Rich Hill in 1801.
AC was also acquainted with Alexander Carson who lived nearby. In 1808 Carson challenged a Scotch Baptist on the mode of baptism. In his attempts to answer him from a study of the Bible, he accepted immersion.

59. In October, 1808, the Campbell family sailed for America to join Thomas. However, the were ship wrecked and spent the winter in Glasgow.

60. Here he came associated with Greville Ewing and the Haldanes.
During this period these men had accepted immersion, as Carson had recently done.

61. INFLUENCE
From Glas AC learned the separation of church and state, congregational independence, weekly observance of the Lord’s Supper, and anti creedalism.
He saw Glas as inconsistent on infant baptism.
He and Sandeman saw this as a dedicatory rite. The Haldanes later rejected this.

62. He disagreed with the dogmatic and uncharitable attitude he saw in some of the Sandeman persuasion.
He agreed with him on the nature of faith. “. . . faith is no more than belief in the truth. . . “
He saw that Sandeman had in incomplete understanding on the necessity of faith and baptism as expressions of faith.

63. In 1759, the estate was sold to Captain Robert Haldane of Plean
In 1759, the estate was sold to Captain Robert Haldane of Plean. In 1791, his son, Robert Haldane, commissioned the design by the eminent architect Robert Adam, which is the basis of Airthrey Castle today.

65. Robert Sandeman

66. Sandeman was like a giant among dwarfs
?Sandeman was like a giant among dwarfs. He was like Samson with the posts of Gaza on his shoulders “

68. John Glas 1695-1773 Born September 21, 1695
His Father, Thomas Was Minister Of The Church of Scotland
Attended Grammar School At Perth, Later Attending St. Leonard’s College at St. Andrews. Received M.A. May 6, 1713
Then Attended University Of Edinburgh
Received A Calvinistic Education Both At Home & University
Licensed As A Presbyterian Minister At Dunkeld Presbytery On May 20, 1718, Later At Tealing In Forfarshire May 6, 1719
At Tealing Presbyterian Church 5 Years
John Glas

69. 1727 – Wrote The Testimony Of The King Of Martyrs Concerning The Kingdom
Against State Churches &
Intervention Of Civil Authorities In Church Matters
Believed:
The Church Is Made Up Of Those Who Experienced The Grace Of Christ
Separated Themselves From The World
Gathered Themselves In The Church
Therefore, No Place For Civil Affairs
Separated From Tealing Church, July 13, 1725, Starting An Independent Church
100 People Followed
Agreed To Follow Christ As Lord
Subjected Themselves To Glas’ Leadership
Observed The Lord’s Supper Monthly (Not Quarterly Like Scottish Church)
Followed Matthew 18 – Church Discipline
Formed A Society Of Believers
John Glas

70. John Glas 1695-1773 Divisions Continue
August 6, 1726 – At Strathmartine
Taught John 18:36,37 – Christ’s Kingdom Is Not Of This World
No Earthly Civil Designation Of Authority (Against Physical Kingdom Teaching In That Day)
Close To Treason
Brought Before A Number Of Synods
Aug – Synod of Angus & Mearns
Sept. 6, 1726 – Synod Of Dundee
Oct – Synod of Montrose
April, 1728 – Synod Of Angus & Mearns
Members Submitted 26 Questions To Glas And His Reply Was Discussed
Glas Was Suspended As Presb. Minister
Appeal To Gen. Assembly At Edinburgh May 2, 1728
John Glas

71. Glasite Church - Dundee

72. John Glas 1695-1773 Still More Presbyterian Synods
Oct. 17, 1728 – Synod Of Dundee
Should They Suspend Or Depose Glas?
He Was Deposed
Mar. 12, 1730 – Appealed To Highest Presbyterian Court Who Confirmed The Sentence To Depose Him
1739 The General Assembly Broke Precedence And Revoked The Sentence Of Deposition
Though It Restored Glas As A Minister, It Did Not Restore Him As A Minister In The Church of Scotland
Glas Never Requested This, But Its Happening Showed A Sign Of Softening Against Congregationalism

73. Last Years Of Ministry John Glas - 1695-1773
1730 – Continued To Minister To New Tealing Society
Moved To Dundee To Support Himself By Opening A Bookstore
Moved To Perth In 1733
His Independent Reputation Was Not Quickly Accepted
When Opening A New Meetinghouse There Some In Town Threw Mud At Attendees
George Miller, The Town Clerk Intervened And Kept The Meetinghouse From Destruction
1734 Established A Congregational Church in Edinburgh
Met Robert Sandeman There
Later Became His Son-In-Law
Died November 2, 1773 – 78 Years Old
Survived By 15 Children, Wife Died In 1749
Most Of Family Buried At Dundee In “Old Howff” Cemetery

74. John Glas – Buried In Howff

75. Robert Sandeman 1718-1771 Born April 19, 1718
Father, David, A Linen Merchant And Magistrate In Perth
Attended University Of Edinburgh To Prepare For The Ministry In Church Of Scotland
As A Youth He Became Acquainted With Glas Ideas
1735 Choosing To Give Up Ministry Idea, He Returned To Perth To Begin An Apprenticeship In Weaving Business
1737 He Married Katherine, Daughter Of John Glas
1740 Set Up A Weaving Business
1756 His Brother Married Another Of Glas’ Daughters
Robert Sandeman

76. 1744, Age 26 – Became Elder Of Perth Congregational Church
Preached For Next 16 Years At Perth, Dundee & Edinburgh
1757 – Wrote 2 Volume Work, Letters On Theron And Aspasio Against James Harvey’s Teachings On Calvinism
James Hervey Had Written An Apologetic Of Calvinism Called Theron And Aspasio – 1755
As A Result Of Letters On … Many English Congregational Churches Began Appearing
1761 – He And Brother William Went To London To Teach His Congregational Ideas
By 1766 Many Congregational Churches Are In England
Robert Sandeman

77. Glas Church In Edinburgh

78. Robert Sandeman 1718-1771 American Influence
1760 – Letters On Theron And Aspasio Appear In Colonies
1763 – He Receives A Letter Urging A Visit To America
August 30, 1764 Sandeman Departs Scotland Arriving In Boston Harbor, Oct. 18, 1764
Glas/Sandemanian Churches Established In Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, & Other New England States
Sandeman Died In Danbury, Connecticut, April 2, 1771 At 53 Years Of Age, Two Years Before Glas In Scotland

79. Some Beliefs Of The Glasites/Sandemanians
Believed They Could Reenact 1st Century Order In Christianity
Denied Tenets Of Calvinism
Had Lord’s Supper Every Sunday
Observed Love Feasts
Had Foot-Washings
Mutual Exhortations
Casting Lots, etc.

80. Robert Sandeman, Danbury, Conn.

81. Robert & James Haldane
James Haldane
1798 – Started A Church In England After The Glas/Sandeman Order
The Tabernacle Church – Beg With 310 People
L.S. Administered Every Sunday
Weekly Collections Taken
Operated Schools Throughout England
Close Associate To Greville Ewing
Associated With Baptists

82. Haldane Home – Airthrey Castle, Sterling, Scotland

83. Tabernacle Church Teaching
N.T. Contained The Pattern For All Christian Service
Apostolic Church Model Provided Church Model For All Ages
Thus Teaching “Restoration” Or “Restitution”
Congregational Autonomy
Elders Served In Each Congregation, Teaching & Ruling
Each Church Had Its Own Deacons & Minister
Civil Authorities Had No Right In Church Matters
Weekly Observance Of The Lord’s Supper
By 1808 Both Haldanes Believed That Immersion Was The Only Proper Mode Of Baptism
Haldanes Differed With Glas Over Discipline, Took A More Loving Approach

84. Haldane Tabernacle - Edinburgh

85. Greville Ewing 1767-1841- Born In Edinburgh, Scotland
Supported Mission & Congregationalism In Scotland
Founding Member & Secretary Of Edinburgh (Later Scotland) Missionary Society, March, 1796
Street Where Ewing Lived In Glasgow

86. Influence Of Greville Ewing
Met And Worked With Haldane Brothers Until 1808 Teaching In Schools, Preaching
– Minister Of Mother Church of Scottish Congregationalism, Glasgow, Scotland
Instructed At University of Glasgow
One Of His Students 1808,1809 Year Was Alexander Campbell
Haldane Church Where Ewing Preached In Glasgow
Old Glasgow University