1. THE RESTORATION PRINCIPLE

2. “restore: to bring something back to an earlier and better condition” The church established on the day of Pentecost was perfect. Paul prophesied of a falling away. How do we restore this church?

3. Josiah

4. He found the book of the Law Upon reading the law, the king tore his clothes, fearing the wrath of God. His fear came “... because our fathers have not obeyed the words of this book, to do according to all that is written concerning us.” (2 Kings 22:13). Realizing their apostasy from God’s will, “Josiah made a covenant before the Lord,

5. to follow the Lord and to keep His commandments and His testimonies and His statutes,

6. with all his heart and all his soul,. And all the people took a stand for the covenant.” ( 2 Kings 23:3).

7. THE RESTORATION PRINCIPLE

8. BARTON WARREN STONE 1772-1844

9. He, with others signed The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery in 1803, rejecting this form of government. “We will, that the people henceforth take the Bible as the only sure guide to heaven; and as many as are offended with other books, which stand in competition with it, may cast them into the fire if they choose...

10. ... for it is better to enter into life having one book, than having many to be cast into hell.”

11. Thomas Campbell, newly arrived from Scotland in 1807, came to the same conclusion as the men in Kentucky, though he did not know of their work.

12. “Our desire”, he wrote, “therefore, for ourselves and our brethren would be, that rejecting human opinions and the inventions of men, as of any authority, or as having any place in the church of God,

13. we might forever cease from farther contentions about such things; returning to, and holding fast by, the original standard; taking the divine word alone for our rule:” Declaration and Address p. 4

14. A modern example of the Restoration Movement In 1950, the Lawrence Avenue Church of Christ in Nashville received an unusual request from a former Nigerian policeman.

16. C. A. O. Essien had received a correspondence course on the Bible from that church.

17. He stated he needed help, he had studied the course and from this and other study of the Bible, he believed he had restored the New Testament church in Nigeria.

18. He said they needed further teaching and help as he and five other preachers had already baptized 10,000 people and established a number of congregations.

19. Investigation proved Essien’s claim was correct and today the church flourishes in Nigeria because of this beginning work of restoration..

20. THE SCOTTISH INFLUENCE ON THE AMERICAN RESTORATION MOVMENT.

21. The Seed of the Restoration Movement Were Firmly Planted in Scotland in the 18 th Century.

22. Why Scotland? A History of Religious Turmoil Joined England in rejecting Catholic church. John Knox introduced Calvinism Founding of Church of Scotland, Presbyterian in government. Division in church.

23. Work of “lay preachers” Powerful leaders Common Sense School of Philosophy and John Locke. Dissatisfaction with relationship of Church of Scotland with Great Britain Fierce Spirit of Independence

25. 1695 Born in Fife, Scotland. His father was a minister of the church of Scotland. 1718 Licensed as Presbyterian minister. Opposed state churches 1725 Started an Independent church. About 100 went with him.

26. Church agreed to follow Glas as overseer. Observed Lord’s Supper monthly Practiced discipline found in Matthew 18.

27. Glasite Church - Dundee

28. Glas Church In Edinburgh

30. Teachings of John Glas Authority of Scriptures over all creeds. Restoration if New Testament Christianity. Church is a local congregation Autonomy of local church Faith demonstrated by obedience Baptism is the sign of our covenant with Christ. Unites one with Christ and the Church,

31. “... the washing of our bodies... in baptism imparts purification from the defilement of sin....” Still accepted sprinkling as dedication of infants. Lord’s Supper to be observed weekly. Acts 2:42 is a pattern for worship.

33. 1718Born April 29, in Perth Scotland. His father, David, an indifferent Glasite by membership, introduced his son to Glas’ ideas at an early age. 1734 Enrolled in the University of Edinburgh, completing two terms While a student Sandeman became a member of a Glasite church. 1735 Devoted his full time to preaching. He also took part in the church where Glas was an elder.”

34. 1757Published the most controversial and widely read of all his works was Letters on Theron and Aspasio (1757). 1757This work was a dialogue between Sandeman and James Hervey, a well-known Calvinist minister from Northamptonshire, concerning Hervey’s work Dialogues between Theron and Aspasio (1755) This dialogue demonstrated Sandeman’s theology

35. 1760 Word reached Sandeman in London that his work Letters on Theron and Aspasio had caused quite a stir in the American colonies. 1763Sandeman was invited by several men in America to visit and teach. Since his wife had died, he accepted the invitation.

36. SANDEMAN’S VIEWS His views were very similar to those of Glas. He believed in strict discipline, similar to that of the church of Scotland. Elders must be in every church. The Lord’s Supper could not be observed with elders present. Faith is man accepting the redeeming work of God, not earning it. Faith is an activity instead of mere mental assent.

37. *They called themselves the “church of Christ” but did not believe this was a specific name. *Opposed all religious creeds. * Refused the title, “reverend” and did not wear clerical clothing. *Foot washing and the holy kiss *The holy kiss was practiced at the end of the love feast. *Foot washing was only occasional.

38. James and Robert Haldane

39. James Haldane

40. Robert Haldane

41. Airthrey Castle

42. In 1759, the estate was sold to Captain Robert Haldane of Plean. In 1791, his son, Robert Haldane, commissioned the design by the eminent architect Robert Adam, which is the basis of Airthrey Castle today.

43. 1764 Robert born in London. 1768 James born in Dundee, father died two weeks later. 1778 Mother died, reared by maternal grandmother. Both served in the Royal Navy, James reaching rank of captain. 1785 James marries Katherine and move to Airthery, near Stirling. Attended a Congregational church. Robert had previously been influenced by Robert Bogue, brother- in-law of Greville Ewing.

44. 1793 James leaves Navy. While living in London meets and is influenced by Willliam Innes, an Independent preacher. 1796 Robert hears of great mission work in India and determines to go. Invites Bogue, Ewing and others to accompany him. He financed this project by selling Airthrey Castle However, government permission to go to India was denied.

45. The Haldanes determined to evangelize Great Britain and Europe James became a traveling evangelist while Robert worked with local churches. They also established preacher training schools.

46. Beliefs of the Haldanes New Testament as pattern for worship Apostolic church as model for all ages. Congregational autonomy Elders served to guide and teach church. Each church had ministers and deacons Weekly observance of Lord’s Supper

47. In 1808, the Haldanes rejected infant baptism and were immersed. Practiced foot washing, more as a custom of hospitality. Replaced Holy Kiss with more contemporary greetings. Called self, “Church of Christ”

48. Relation to Haldenes with Glas/Sandeman Haldanes influenced much by Glas. They either agreed or adopted much of Glas’ understandings. Robert Haldane became a great admirer of Robert Sandeman.

49. Greville Ewing 1767-1841- Born In Edinburgh, Scotland Supported Mission & Congregationalism In Scotland Met And Worked With Haldane Brothers Until 1808 Teaching In their Schools, Preaching Street Where Ewing Lived In Glasgow

50. Influence Of Greville Ewing 1800-1839 – Minister Of Mother Church of Scottish Congregationalism, Glasgow, Scotland Instructed At University of Glasgow One Of His Students 1808,1809 Year Was Alexander Campbell Old Glasgow University Haldane Church Where Ewing Preached In Glasgow

51. Ewing was the real theological thinker for the Haldanian churches. For example, it was Ewing, not the Haldanes, who “first introduced at Glasgow the practice of celebrating the Lord’s Supper every Lord’s-day.

52. Relationships between the Campbells and the Ewings It was only natural for Ewing to help a Campbell. The two families have always had close connections. Even in the earliest days, the Ewings would ally with the Campbells against the Gordons. Many a time on the battlefield in conflict with the Gordons, the Ewings could be heard to shout, “The Campbells are comin’, Oho, Oho;”

53. Differences between Glas and Sandeman Infant Baptism. Discipline. Glas was much stricter. The Haldanes were more evangelistic: Glas and Sandeman were more teachers.

54. In 1808 the Campbell family sailed for America to join Thomas. However ship was wrecked off coast of Scotland.

55. Family spent winter in Glasgow. Alexander Campbell able to attend University of Glasgow. Became associated with Greville Ewing and Haldanes. It was during this period that the Haldanes rejected sprinkling as baptism.

56. Areas of agreement and disagreement. Between Glas and Sandeman Agreed with Glas in many areas. Felt he was inconsistent on Infant baptism. Agreed that faith more than belief in the truth. Thought Sandeman had incomplete understanding of faith and baptism.

57. Campbell’s Visit to Great Britain in 1847 Visited many Scotch Baptist, Sandemanian and Independent churches. “The Scotch Baptists must certainly unite with our brethren in England and Scotland” In Edinburgh he went to hear James Haldane but he was not there. Disappointed in condition of the congregation.

58. A Haldane congregation in Londonderry converted. Campbell led a cooperative meeting in Chester, England and agreed to help find an evangelist in America to help them.

59. INFLUENCE OF SCOTTISH REFORMERS ON ALEXANDER CAMPBELL

60. Campbell doubtless was influenced by Independent leaders while in Ireland and Scotland. Yet he claimed he belonged to none of them.

61. Rich Hill, where Thomas Campbell lived, was often visited by Haldane ministers. In his youth Alexander Campbell heard Rowland Hill on his evangelistic tour of northern Ireland.

62. James Haldane visited Rich Hill in 1801. AC was also acquainted with Alexander Carson who lived nearby. In 1808 Carson challenged a Scotch Baptist on the mode of baptism. In his attempts to answer him from a study of the Bible, he accepted immersion.

63. In October, 1808, the Campbell family sailed for America to join Thomas. However, the were ship wrecked and spent the winter in Glasgow.

64. Here he came associated with Greville Ewing and the Haldanes. During this period these men had accepted immersion, as Carson had recently done.

65. James Haldane visited Rich Hill in 1801. AC was also acquainted with Alexander Carson who lived nearby. In 1808 Carson challenged a Scotch Baptist on the mode of baptism. In his attempts to answer him from a study of the Bible, he accepted immersion.

66. Here he came associated with Greville Ewing and the Haldanes. During this period these men had accepted immersion, as Carson had recently done.

67. SANDEMAN IN AMERICA 1764 Arrived in Boston. Met several prominent religious and civic leaders. In Portsmouth, New Hampshire, a mob broke out and smashed the windows of the meeting room where he was preaching.

68. On May 4, “...the first church of Christ in North America was constituted...” in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

69. This same year a church was established in Boston.

70. 1770 Sandeman arrested and tried. He was accused of not leaving town when told to.

71. 1770 His sentence was a fine of 40 pounds, which was never collected.

72. 1771 Sandeman died April 2 in Danbury Connecticut. Buried in Old Wooster Street cemetery.

73. What happened to the Glas/Sandeman churches in America? 1840Alexander Campbell visits Danbury. Danbury church unites with the Restoration Movement with encouragement from Henry Errett..

74. “Sandeman was like a giant among dwarfs. He was like Samson with the posts of Gaza on his shoulders “

78. ALEXANDER CAMPBELL AND THE HALDANES “ …you say, "So far as can judge by your writings and preaching, you are substantially a Sandemanian, or Haldanian." ….

79. “ As to James Haldane, I am less indebted to him than to most of the others. … and while I do not believe that there lives upon the earth a more godly, pious, primitive, Christian, than James Haldane of Edinburgh;

80. “… I must acknowledge, that the largest amount of my debts is of this kind, though, in some instances, I have been edified and instructed by their labors.”