1. Kristin Buchner Appalachian State University Research and Creative Endeavors Day April 23, 2009

2. Organic hydrocarbon compounds Composed of isoprene units Secondary metabolites Emitted into the environment through leaching, volatilization, or decomposition

3. In nature: Attract/repel insects Deter other competitive plants In Industry: (“essential oils”) Flavor additives/enhancers Fragrances Alternative medicine Cleaning agents (pine-sol)

4. Optimal Defense Theory Growth-Differentiation Balance hypothesis Diagram taken from Hamilton et al., 2001

5. Old-Field Community Climate and Atmospheric Manipulation (OCCAM) Solidago canadensis 3 climate drivers: Elevated and ambient [CO 2 ] Elevated and ambient temperature Ambient and low water supply How will terpene concentration be affected?

6. 48 samples were collected in June 2008 from the OCCAM site at ORNL in Oak Ridge, TN Gas Chromatography Analysis P-value ≤ 0.10

8. 24 samples collected from Dale Cornett's Carolina Fraser Fir Farm in Vilas, NC, on December 8, 2008 Samples taken from damaged and healthy areas of each Fir exhibiting Balsam Twig Aphid damage P-value ≤0.05 Special thanks to the North Carolina Agricultural Extension for their support with this project.

9. treedamage tree x damage  -pinene 0.28970.00750.2127 β-pinene<0.00010.56920.1618 limonene<0.00010.01350.1404 C1<0.00010.0310.8486 C20.00030.13350.6021 C3<0.00010.23380.0145 C40.00080.00040.531

10. Carbon allocation? Growth and repair vs. terpenes Improved defenses? Pre-emptive prevention or genetic resistance Overcompensation? Plants respond with a flood of defenses Plant tissue age? Older leaves could have lower defenses

11. Langenheim, J.H.: 1994, 'Higher-Plant Terpenoids - a Phytocentric Overview of Their Ecological Roles', Journal of Chemical Ecology 20, 1223-1280. Hamilton, J.G., Zangerl, A.R., DeLucia, E.H. and Berenbaum, M.R.: 2001, 'The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis: its rise and fall', Ecology Letters 4, 86-95. Sidebottom, J.: 2002, ‘Balsam Twig Aphid on Fraser Fir: CTN-019’, Extension Forestry, North Carolina State University. Villalpando, S.N., Williams, R.S. and Norby, R.J.: 2009, 'Elevated air temperature alters an old-field insect community in a multifactor climate change experiment', Global Change Biology 15, 930-942. Williams, R.S., Thomas, R.B., Strain, B.R. and Lincoln, D.E.: 1997, 'Effects of elevated CO2, soil nutrient levels, and foliage age on the performance of two generations of Neodiprion lecontei (Hymenoptera : Diprionidae) feeding on loblolly pine', Environmental Entomology 26, 1312-1322.